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Class 11 NCERT Solutions- Chapter 5 Complex Numbers And Quadratic Equations – Exercise 5.2

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Find the modulus and the arguments of each of the complex numbers i. Exercises 1 to 2.

Question 1.  z = – 1 – i √3

Solution:

We have, 

z = -1 – i√3

We know that, z = r (cosθ + i sinθ) 

Therefore,

r cosθ = -1  —(1)

r sinθ = -√3  —-(2)

On Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we obtain 

r2 (cos 2θ + sin 2θ) = (-1)2 + (-√3)2  

r2 = 1 + 3

r = √4

Since r has to positive, Therefore r = 2

Putting r = 2 on (1) and (2), we get

cosθ = -1 / 2 and sinθ = -√3 / 2

Therefore, θ = – 2Ï€ / 3 (Since cosθ and sinθ both are negative, therefore θ lies in third quadrant)

Hence, modulus and argument of z = -1 – i√3 are 2 and – 2Ï€ / 3 respectively.

Question 2. z =  -√3 + i

Solution:

We have,

z = -√3 + i

We know that, z = r (cosθ + i sinθ)

Therefore,

r cosθ = -√3  —(1)

r sinθ = 1  —-(2)

On Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we obtain

r2 (cos 2θ + sin 2θ) = (-√3)2 + (1) 

r2  = 3 + 1   (Since, cos 2θ + sin 2θ = 1)

r2 = 3 + 1

r = √4

Since r has to positive, Therefore r = 2

Putting r = 2 on (1) and (2), we get

cosθ = -√3 / 2 and sinθ = 1 / 2

Therefore, θ = 5π / 6 (Since cosθ negative and sinθ positive, therefore θ lies on second quadrant)

Hence, modulus and argument of z = -√3 + i are 2 and 5π / 6 respectively.

Convert each of the complex numbers given in Exercises 3 to 8 in the polar form:

Question 3. 1 – i

Solution:

We have z = 1 – i,

Let  r cosθ  = 1   —(1)  and,

      r sinθ  = -1 —(2)

On Squaring and adding  (1) and (2) , we obtain

r2 (  cos 2θ + sin 2θ  )  =  (1)2 + (-1) 

r2 =  2

r = √2 ( Since r has to be positive )

Putting r = √2 on (1) and (2) , we get

cosθ = 1 / √2  and  sinθ = -1 / √2

Therefore, θ =  – Ï€ / 4 ( Since cosθ positive and sinθ  negative, therefore θ is negative as it lies on fourth quadrant)

Hence , z in polar form:  z =  r cosθ  + i  r sinθ = √2 (cos (- Ï€ / 4) + i sin (- Ï€ / 4)).

Question 4. -1 + i 

Solution:

We have z = -1 + i,

Let  r cosθ  = -1   —(1)  and,

      r sinθ  = 1 —(2)

On Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we obtain

r2 (cos 2θ + sin 2θ)  = (-1)2 + (1)2  

r2 = 2

r = √2 (Since r has to be positive)

Putting r = √2 on (1) and (2), we get

cosθ = -1 / √2 and sinθ = 1 / √2

Therefore, θ = 3π / 4 (Since cosθ negative and sinθ positive, therefore θ is positive as it lies on second quadrant)

Hence, z in polar form:  z = r cosθ + i  r sinθ = √2 (cos (3Ï€ / 4) + i sin (3Ï€ / 4)).

Question 5. -1 – i

Solution:

We have z = -1 – i,

Let  r cosθ  = -1   —(1)  and,

     r sinθ  = -1 —(2)

On Squaring and adding  (1) and (2), we obtain

r2 (cos 2θ + sin 2θ)  =  (-1)2 + (-1)2  

r2 =  2

r = √2 ( Since r has to be positive )

Putting r = √2 on (1) and (2) , we get

cosθ = -1 / √2  and  sinθ = -1 / √2

Therefore,  Î¸ =  -3Ï€ / 4 (Since  cosθ  negative and sinθ  negative, therefore θ is negative as it lies on third quadrant)

Hence, z in polar form:  z =  r cosθ  + i  r sinθ  = √2 (cos (-3Ï€ / 4) + i sin (-3Ï€ / 4)).

Question 6.  -3 

Solution:

We have z = -3,

Let  r cosθ  = -3   —(1)  and,

      r sinθ  = 0 —(2)

On Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we obtain

r2 (cos 2θ + sin 2θ) =  (-3)2 + (0) 

r2 = 9

r = 3 (Since r has to be positive)

Putting r = 3 on (1) and (2), we get

cosθ = -3 / 3  and  sinθ = 0 / 3

Therefore,  Î¸ =  Ï€

Hence, z in polar form:  z =  r cosθ  + i  r sinθ = 3(cos (Ï€) + i sin (Ï€)).

Question 7. √3 + i 

Solution:

We have z = √3 + i,

Let  r cosθ  = √3  —(1)  and,

      r sinθ  = 1 —(2)

On Squaring and adding  (1) and (2) , we obtain

r2 (cos 2θ + sin 2θ) = (√3)2 + (1)2  

r2 = 4

r = 2 (Since r has to be positive )

Putting r = 2 on (1) and (2), we get

cosθ = √3 / 2 and  sinθ = 1 / 2

Therefore, θ =  Ï€ / 6 ( Since  cosθ  positive and sinθ  positive, therefore θ is positive as it lies on first quadrant)

Hence, z in polar form:  z =  r cosθ  + i  r sinθ  = 2 (cos (Ï€ / 6) + i sin (Ï€ / 6)).

Question 8. i

Solution:

We have z = i,

Let  r cosθ  = 0 —(1)  and,

      r sinθ  = 1 —(2)

On Squaring and adding  (1) and (2) , we obtain

r2 (cos 2θ + sin 2θ)  =  (0)2 + (1) 

r2 =  1

r = 1 (Since r has to be positive)

Putting r = 1 on (1) and (2), we get

cosθ = 0 / 1 and sinθ = 1 / 1

Therefore, θ = π / 2

Hence, z in polar form: z = r cosθ + i r sinθ = cos (π / 2) + i sin (π / 2)


Last Updated : 25 Jan, 2021
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