Angular Sweep (Maximum points that can be enclosed in a circle of given radius)

Given ‘n’ points on 2-D plane, find the maximum number of points that can be enclosed by a fixed-radius circle of radius ‘R’. 
Note: The point is considered to be inside the circle even when it lies on the circumference.
Examples: 

Input : R = 1
        points[] = {(6.47634, 7.69628), (5.16828 4.79915), 
                    (6.69533 6.20378)}
Output :  2
The maximum number of points are 2

Input :  R = 1
  points[] = {(6.65128, 5.47490), (6.42743, 6.26189)
   (6.35864, 4.61611), (6.59020 4.54228), (4.43967 5.70059)
   (4.38226, 5.70536), (5.50755 6.18163), (7.41971 6.13668)
   (6.71936, 3.04496), (5.61832, 4.23857), (5.99424, 4.29328)
   (5.60961, 4.32998), (6.82242, 5.79683), (5.44693, 3.82724) 
   (6.70906, 3.65736), (7.89087, 5.68000), (6.23300, 4.59530)
   (5.92401, 4.92329), (6.24168, 3.81389), (6.22671, 3.62210)}
Output : 11
The maximum number of points are 11

Naive Algorithm
For an arbitrary pair of points in the given set (say A and B), construct the circles with radius ‘R’ that touches both the points. There are maximum 2 such possible circles. As we can see here maximum possible circles is for CASE 1 i.e. 2.

• For each of the constructed circle, check for each point in the set if it lies inside the circle or not.
• The circle with maximum number of points enclosed is returned.

Time Complexity: There are ⁿC₂ pair of points corresponding to which we can have 2ⁿC₂ circles at maximum. For each circle, (n-2) points have to be checked. This makes the naive algorithm O(n³).

Angular Sweep Algorithm
By using Angular Sweep, we can solve this problem in O(n²log n). The basic logical idea of this algorithm is described below.
We pick an arbitrary point P from the given set. We then rotate a circle with fixed-radius ‘R’ about the point P. During the entire rotation P lies on the circumference of the circle and we maintain a count of the number of points in the circle at a given value of ? where the parameter ? determines the angle of rotation. The state of a circle can thus be determined by a single parameter ? because the radius is fixed. 
We can also see that the value of the count maintained will change only when a point from the set enters or exits the circle.

In the given diagram, C1 is the circle with ? = 0 and C2 is the circle constructed when we rotate the circle at a general value of ?.
After this, the problem reduces to, how to maintain the value of count. 
For any given point except P (say Q), we can easily calculate the value of ? for which it enters the circle (Let it be ?) and the value of ? for which it exits the circle (Let it be ?). 
We have angles A and B defined as under, 

• A is the angle between PQ and the X-Axis.
• B is the angle between PC and PQ where C is the centre of the circle.

where, x and y represent the coordinates of a point and ‘d’ is the distance between P and Q.
Now, from the diagrams we can see that, 

? = A-B 
? = A+B

(Note: All angles are w.r.t. to X-Axis. Thus, it becomes ‘A-B’ and not ‘B-A’).
When Q enters the circle 

When Q exits the circle 

We can calculate angles A and B for all points excluding P. Once these angles are found, we sort them and then traverse them in increasing order. Now we maintain a counter which tells us how many points are inside the circle at a particular moment. 
Count will change only when a point enters the circle or exits it. In case we find an entry angle we increase the counter by 1 and in case we find an exit angle we decrease the counter by 1. The check that the angle is entry or exit can be easily realised using a flag. 
Proceeding like this, the counter always gives us a valid value for the number of points inside the circle in a particular state.
Important Note: The points which have ‘d’>2R do not have to be considered because they will never enter or exit the circle.
The angular sweep algorithm can be described as:

1. Calculate the distance between every pair of ⁿC₂ points and store them.
2. For an arbitrary point (say P), get the maximum number of points that can lie inside the circle rotated about P using the getPointsInside() function.
3. The maximum of all values returned will be the final answer.

This algorithm has been described in the following C++ implementation.

CPP

// C++ program to find the maximum number of
// points that can be enclosed by a fixed-radius
// circle
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

const int MAX_POINTS = 500;

// complex class which is available in STL has
// been used to implement points. This helps to
// ensure greater functionality easily
typedef complex<double> Point;

Point arr[MAX_POINTS];
double dis[MAX_POINTS][MAX_POINTS];

// This function returns the maximum points that
// can lie inside the circle of radius 'r' being
// rotated about point 'i'
bool mycompare(pair<double,bool> A, pair<double,bool> B)
{
    if(A.first<B.first)
        return true;
    else if(A.first>B.first)
        return false;
    else
        return (A.second==1);
}
int getPointsInside(int i, double r, int n)
{
    // This vector stores alpha and beta and flag
    // is marked true for alpha and false for beta
    vector<pair<double, bool> > angles;

    for (int j=0; j<n; j++)
    {
        if (i != j && dis[i][j] <= 2*r)
        {
            // acos returns the arc cosine of the complex
            // used for cosine inverse
            double B =  acos(dis[i][j]/(2*r));

            // arg returns the phase angle of the complex
            double A = arg(arr[j]-arr[i]);
            double alpha = A-B;
            double beta = A+B;
            angles.push_back(make_pair(alpha, true));
            angles.push_back(make_pair(beta, false));
        }
    }

    // angles vector is sorted and traversed
    sort(angles.begin(), angles.end(), mycompare);

    // count maintains the number of points inside
    // the circle at certain value of theta
    // res maintains the maximum of all count
    int count = 1, res = 1;
    vector<pair<double, bool> >::iterator it;
    for (it=angles.begin(); it!=angles.end(); ++it)
    {
        // entry angle
        if ((*it).second)
            count++;

        // exit angle
        else
            count--;

        if (count > res)
            res = count;
    }

    return res;
}

// Returns count of maximum points that can lie
// in a circle of radius r.
int maxPoints(Point arr[], int n, int r)
{
    // dis array stores the distance between every
    // pair of points
    for (int i=0; i<n-1; i++)
        for (int j=i+1; j<n; j++)

            // abs gives the magnitude of the complex
            // number and hence the distance between
            // i and j
            dis[i][j] = dis[j][i] = abs(arr[i]-arr[j]);

    // This loop picks a point p
    int ans = 0;
    for (int i=0; i<n; i++)

        // maximum number of points for point arr[i]
        ans = max(ans, getPointsInside(i, r, n));

    return ans;
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
    Point  arr[] = {Point(6.47634, 7.69628),
                    Point(5.16828, 4.79915),
                    Point(6.69533, 6.20378)};
    int r = 1;

    int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);

    cout << "The maximum number of points are: "
         << maxPoints(arr, n, r);

    return 0;
}

Python3

# python program to find the maximum number of
# points that can be enclosed by a fixed-radius
# circle
import math

MAX_POINTS = 500
arr = [0] * MAX_POINTS
dis = [[0 for i in range(MAX_POINTS)] for j in range(MAX_POINTS)]

# This function returns the maximum points that
# can lie inside the circle of radius 'r' being
# rotated about point 'i'
def mycompare(A, B):
    if A[0] < B[0]:
        return True
    elif A[0] > B[0]:
        return False
    else:
        return A[1] == 1

def getPointsInside(i, r, n):

    #  This vector stores alpha and beta and flag
    # is marked true for alpha and false for beta
    angles = []

    for j in range(n):
        if i != j and dis[i][j] <= 2*r:

              # acos returns the arc cosine of the complex
            # used for cosine inverse
            B = math.acos(dis[i][j]/(2*r))

            # arg returns the phase angle of the complex
            A = math.atan2(arr[j].imag - arr[i].imag, arr[j].real - arr[i].real)
            alpha = A - B
            beta = A + B
            angles.append([alpha, True])
            angles.append([beta, False])

    # angles vector is sorted and traversed
    angles.sort(key=lambda x: (x[0], x[1] == 1))

    # count maintains the number of points inside
    # the circle at certain value of theta
    # res maintains the maximum of all count
    count = 1
    res = 1
    for angle in angles:

          # entry angle
        if angle[1]:
            count += 1

        # exit angle
        else:
            count -= 1
        res = max(res, count)

    return res

# Returns count of maximum points that can lie
# in a circle of radius r.
def maxPoints(arr, n, r):

      # dis array stores the distance between every
    # pair of points
    for i in range(n - 1):
        for j in range(i + 1, n):

              # abs gives the magnitude of the complex
            # number and hence the distance between
            # i and j
            dis[i][j] = dis[j][i] = abs(arr[i] - arr[j])

    # This loop picks a point p
    ans = 0
    for i in range(n):

          # maximum number of points for point arr[i]
        ans = max(ans, getPointsInside(i, r, n))

    return ans

# Driver code
r = 1
arr = [complex(6.47634, 7.69628),
       complex(5.16828, 4.79915),
       complex(6.69533, 6.20378)]
n = len(arr)
print("The maximum number of points are:", maxPoints(arr, n, r))

# This Code is Contributed by Prasad Kandekar(prasad264)

Javascript

// JavaScript program to find the maximum number of
// points that can be enclosed by a fixed-radius
// circle

const MAX_POINTS = 500;

// complex class which has
// been used to implement points. This helps to
// ensure greater functionality easily
class Point {
    constructor(x, y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }
    subtract(other) {
        return new Point(this.x - other.x, this.y - other.y);
    }
    magnitude() {
        return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y);
    }
    arg() {
        return Math.atan2(this.y, this.x);
    }
}
const arrPoints = [new Point(6.47634, 7.69628),
                    new Point(5.16828, 4.79915),
                    new Point(6.69533, 6.20378)];
const dis = new Array(MAX_POINTS).fill(0).map(() => new Array(MAX_POINTS).fill(0));

// This function returns the maximum points that
// can lie inside the circle of radius 'r' being
// rotated about point 'i'
function mycompare(A, B) {
    if (A.first < B.first) {
        return -1;
    } else if (A.first > B.first) {
        return 1;
    } else {
        return A.second == 1 ? -1 : 1;
    }
}
function getPointsInside(i, r, n) {

    // This vector stores alpha and beta and flag
    // is marked true for alpha and false for beta
    let angles = [];
    for (let j = 0; j < n; j++) {
        if (i != j && dis[i][j] <= 2 * r) {

            // acos returns the arc cosine of the complex
            // used for cosine inverse
            let B = Math.acos(dis[i][j] / (2 * r));

            // arg returns the phase angle of the complex
            let A = arrPoints[j].subtract(arrPoints[i]).arg();
            let alpha = A - B;
            let beta = A + B;
            angles.push([alpha, true]);
            angles.push([beta, false]);
        }
    }

    // angles vector is sorted and traversed
    angles.sort(mycompare);

    // count maintains the number of points inside
    // the circle at certain value of theta
    // res maintains the maximum of all count
    let count = 1;
    let res = 1;
    for (let i = 0; i < angles.length; i++) {

        // entry angle
        if (angles[i][1]) {
            count++;
        }

        // exit angle
        else {
            count--;
        }
        if (count > res) {
            res = count;
        }
    }
    return res;
}

// Returns count of maximum points that can lie
// in a circle of radius r.
function maxPoints(arrPoints, n, r) {

    // dis array stores the distance between every
    // pair of points
    for (let i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
        for (let j = i + 1; j < n; j++) {

            // abs gives the magnitude of the complex
            // number and hence the distance between
            // i and j
            dis[i][j] = dis[j][i] = arrPoints[i].subtract(arrPoints[j]).magnitude();
        }
    }

    // This loop picks a point p
    let ans = 0;
    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {

        // maximum number of points for point arr[i]
        ans = Math.max(ans, getPointsInside(i, r, n));
    }
    return ans;
}

// Driver code
const n = arrPoints.length;
const r = 1;
console.log(`The maximum number of points are: ${maxPoints(arrPoints, n, r)}`);
// This Code is Contributed by Prasad Kandekar(prasad264)

Output: 

The maximum number of points are: 2

Time Complexity: There are n points for which we call the function getPointsInside(). This function works on ‘n-1’ points for which we get 2*(n-1) size of the vector ‘angles’ (one entry angle and one exit angle). Now this ‘angles’ vector is sorted and traversed which gives complexity of the getPointsInside() function equal to O(nlogn). This makes the Angular Sweep Algorithm O(n²log n).
Space complexity: O(n) since using auxiliary space for vector

Related Resources: Using the complex class available in stl for implementing solutions to geometry problems. 
http://codeforces.com/blog/entry/22175
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