Puzzle 6 | (Monty Hall problem)

Suppose you’re on a game show, and you’re given the choice of three doors: Behind one door is a car; behind the others, goats. You pick a door, say No. 1, and the host, who knows what’s behind the doors, opens another door, say No. 3, which has a goat. He then says to you, “Do you want to pick door No. 2?” Is it to your advantage to switch your choice?

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Hall_problem

Solution:
If you switch, you get the car with a probability of 2/3. So switching is always a good choice. Refer to this MIT video lecture for a great explanation. Refer online editable Monty hall simulation to play with how things change with multiple doors, prizes, etc. 

Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above
If “the host, who knows what’s behind the doors” opens a door that has a goat, then the probability the car was behind that door was 0 before the door was opened (actually, as soon as the car was placed behind a door). Since the host knows which door has the car behind it, then the probability that the car is behind that door is 1. Hence, the probability of winning by switching is either 0 (if the host knows that door does not have the car behind it) or 1 (if the host knows that door does have the car behind it), not 2/3.

Proof–

Let E₁, E₂ and E₃ be 3 Events, such that 

E₁=Car is behind door 1, 

E₂=Car is behind door 2,

E₃=Car is behind door 3

And consider another event A, such that A=The host opens door 3

So, we basically have to find the probability P(E₁ |A), which basically means “What is the probability that the car is behind door 1, given that the host has already opened door 3”.

So, according to Bayes’ theorem, we can write this probability as-

Now here, we have probabilities P(E₁)=P(E₂)=P(E₃)=1/3, since it was previously equally likely that the car can be either behind door 1, or door 2, or door 3.

Next, P(A│E₁)=Probability that the host has opened door 3, given the car is behind door 1 = 1/2, since the host can open door 2 or door 3, since they both don’t have the car behind them.

And, we have P(A│E₂)=Probability that the host has opened door 3, given that the car is behind door 2 = 1, because if the car is behind door 2, then the only door that the host can open is door 3.

And, P(A│E₃)=Probability that the host has opened door 3, given that the car is behind door 3 = 0

This is because the probability of the host opening the door that has the car behind it was 0 according to the question since he never opens the door having the car behind it.

So, putting all these values in the above formula, we get-

Hence, we can see that there is a 1/3  chance that the car is behind door 1 ⇒ there is a 1−1/3=2/3  chance that the car is behind door 2.

Therefore, you should switch.

Or 

There are two cases here :

1. Switching

2. Not switching

Case 1 :

If we know we are switching, we need to select a door which has a goat in order to win the car. As we select a door having a goat, the host should only open the door that have the another goat so the remaining door has a car which we get by switching.

So probability of selecting a door which has a goat is 2/3 as 2 doors out of 3 have goats.

Therefore probability of winning a car by switching is 2/3.

Case 2 :

If we know we are not switching, we need to select a door which has a car in order to win the car. 

So probability of selecting a door which has a car is 1/3 as 1 door out of 3 has car.

Therefore probability of winning a car by not switching is 1/3.

As probability of winning a car by switching is higher than not switching. It is advantage to switch.

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