Binary Search Algorithm – Iterative and Recursive Implementation

Binary Search Algorithm is a searching algorithm used in a sorted array by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half. The idea of binary search is to use the information that the array is sorted and reduce the time complexity to O(log N). 

What is Binary Search Algorithm?

Binary search is a search algorithm used to find the position of a target value within a sorted array. It works by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half until the target value is found or the interval is empty. The search interval is halved by comparing the target element with the middle value of the search space.

Conditions to apply Binary Search Algorithm in a Data Structure:

To apply Binary Search algorithm:

• The data structure must be sorted.
• Access to any element of the data structure takes constant time.

Binary Search Algorithm:

In this algorithm, 

• Divide the search space into two halves by finding the middle index “mid”. 

Finding the middle index “mid” in Binary Search Algorithm

• Compare the middle element of the search space with the key. 
• If the key is found at middle element, the process is terminated.
• If the key is not found at middle element, choose which half will be used as the next search space.
  • If the key is smaller than the middle element, then the left side is used for next search.
  • If the key is larger than the middle element, then the right side is used for next search.
• This process is continued until the key is found or the total search space is exhausted.

How does Binary Search Algorithm work?

To understand the working of binary search, consider the following illustration:

Consider an array arr[] = {2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38, 56, 72, 91}, and the target = 23.

First Step: Calculate the mid and compare the mid element with the key. If the key is less than mid element, move to left and if it is greater than the mid then move search space to the right.

• Key (i.e., 23) is greater than current mid element (i.e., 16). The search space moves to the right.

Binary Search Algorithm : Compare key with 16

• Key is less than the current mid 56. The search space moves to the left.

Binary Search Algorithm : Compare key with 56

Second Step: If the key matches the value of the mid element, the element is found and stop search.

Binary Search Algorithm : Key matches with mid

How to Implement Binary Search Algorithm?

The Binary Search Algorithm can be implemented in the following two ways

• Iterative Binary Search Algorithm
• Recursive Binary Search Algorithm

Given below are the pseudocodes for the approaches.

Iterative Binary Search Algorithm:

Here we use a while loop to continue the process of comparing the key and splitting the search space in two halves.

Implementation of Iterative  Binary Search Algorithm:

C++

// C++ program to implement iterative Binary Search
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// An iterative binary search function.
int binarySearch(int arr[], int low, int high, int x)
{
    while (low <= high) {
        int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

        // Check if x is present at mid
        if (arr[mid] == x)
            return mid;

        // If x greater, ignore left half
        if (arr[mid] < x)
            low = mid + 1;

        // If x is smaller, ignore right half
        else
            high = mid - 1;
    }

    // If we reach here, then element was not present
    return -1;
}

// Driver code
int main(void)
{
    int arr[] = { 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 };
    int x = 10;
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    int result = binarySearch(arr, 0, n - 1, x);
    (result == -1)
        ? cout << "Element is not present in array"
        : cout << "Element is present at index " << result;
    return 0;
}

C

// C program to implement iterative Binary Search
#include <stdio.h>

// An iterative binary search function.
int binarySearch(int arr[], int low, int high, int x)
{
    while (low <= high) {
        int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

        // Check if x is present at mid
        if (arr[mid] == x)
            return mid;

        // If x greater, ignore left half
        if (arr[mid] < x)
            low = mid + 1;

        // If x is smaller, ignore right half
        else
            high = mid - 1;
    }

    // If we reach here, then element was not present
    return -1;
}

// Driver code
int main(void)
{
    int arr[] = { 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    int x = 10;
    int result = binarySearch(arr, 0, n - 1, x);
    (result == -1) ? printf("Element is not present"
                            " in array")
                   : printf("Element is present at "
                            "index %d",
                            result);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java implementation of iterative Binary Search

import java.io.*;

class BinarySearch {
  
    // Returns index of x if it is present in arr[].
    int binarySearch(int arr[], int x)
    {
        int low = 0, high = arr.length - 1;
        while (low <= high) {
            int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

            // Check if x is present at mid
            if (arr[mid] == x)
                return mid;

            // If x greater, ignore left half
            if (arr[mid] < x)
                low = mid + 1;

            // If x is smaller, ignore right half
            else
                high = mid - 1;
        }

        // If we reach here, then element was
        // not present
        return -1;
    }

    // Driver code
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        BinarySearch ob = new BinarySearch();
        int arr[] = { 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 };
        int n = arr.length;
        int x = 10;
        int result = ob.binarySearch(arr, x);
        if (result == -1)
            System.out.println(
                "Element is not present in array");
        else
            System.out.println("Element is present at "
                               + "index " + result);
    }
}

Python

# Python3 code to implement iterative Binary
# Search.


# It returns location of x in given array arr
def binarySearch(arr, low, high, x):

    while low <= high:

        mid = low + (high - low) // 2

        # Check if x is present at mid
        if arr[mid] == x:
            return mid

        # If x is greater, ignore left half
        elif arr[mid] < x:
            low = mid + 1

        # If x is smaller, ignore right half
        else:
            high = mid - 1

    # If we reach here, then the element
    # was not present
    return -1


# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    arr = [2, 3, 4, 10, 40]
    x = 10

    # Function call
    result = binarySearch(arr, 0, len(arr)-1, x)
    if result != -1:
        print("Element is present at index", result)
    else:
        print("Element is not present in array")

C#

// C# implementation of iterative Binary Search
using System;

class GFG {
    
    // Returns index of x if it is present in arr[]
    static int binarySearch(int[] arr, int x)
    {
        int low = 0, high = arr.Length - 1;
        while (low <= high) {
            int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

            // Check if x is present at mid
            if (arr[mid] == x)
                return mid;

            // If x greater, ignore left half
            if (arr[mid] < x)
                low = mid + 1;

            // If x is smaller, ignore right half
            else
                high = mid - 1;
        }

        // If we reach here, then element was
        // not present
        return -1;
    }

    // Driver code
    public static void Main()
    {
        int[] arr = { 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 };
        int n = arr.Length;
        int x = 10;
        int result = binarySearch(arr, x);
        if (result == -1)
            Console.WriteLine(
                "Element is not present in array");
        else
            Console.WriteLine("Element is present at "
                              + "index " + result);
    }
}

Javascript

// Program to implement iterative Binary Search

 
// A iterative binary search function. It returns
// location of x in given array arr[l..r] is present,
// otherwise -1

 function binarySearch(arr, x)
{    
    let low = 0;
    let high = arr.length - 1;
    let mid;
    while (high >= low) {
         mid = low + Math.floor((high - low) / 2);
 
        // If the element is present at the middle
        // itself
        if (arr[mid] == x)
            return mid;
 
        // If element is smaller than mid, then
        // it can only be present in left subarray
        if (arr[mid] > x)
            high = mid - 1;
            
        // Else the element can only be present
        // in right subarray
        else 
            low = mid + 1;
    }
 
    // We reach here when element is not
    // present in array
    return -1;
}

    arr =new Array(2, 3, 4, 10, 40);
    x = 10;
    n = arr.length;
    result = binarySearch(arr, x);
    
(result == -1) ? console.log("Element is not present in array")
               : console.log ("Element is present at index " + result);
               
// This code is contributed by simranarora5sos and rshuklabbb

PHP

<?php
// PHP program to implement
// iterative Binary Search

// An iterative binary search 
// function
function binarySearch($arr, $low, 
                      $high, $x)
{
    while ($low <= $high)
    {
        $mid = $low + ($high - $low) / 2;

        // Check if x is present at mid
        if ($arr[$mid] == $x)
            return floor($mid);

        // If x greater, ignore
        // left half
        if ($arr[$mid] < $x)
            $low = $mid + 1;

        // If x is smaller, 
        // ignore right half
        else
            $high = $mid - 1;
    }

    // If we reach here, then 
    // element was not present
    return -1;
}

// Driver Code
$arr = array(2, 3, 4, 10, 40);
$n = count($arr);
$x = 10;
$result = binarySearch($arr, 0, 
                       $n - 1, $x);
if(($result == -1))
echo "Element is not present in array";
else
echo "Element is present at index ", 
                            $result;

// This code is contributed by anuj_67.
?>

Output

Element is present at index 3

Time Complexity: O(log N)
Auxiliary Space: O(1)

Recursive Binary Search Algorithm:

Create a recursive function and compare the mid of the search space with the key. And based on the result either return the index where the key is found or call the recursive function for the next search space.

Implementation of Recursive Binary Search Algorithm:

C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// A recursive binary search function. It returns
// location of x in given array arr[low..high] is present,
// otherwise -1
int binarySearch(int arr[], int low, int high, int x)
{
    if (high >= low) {
        int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

        // If the element is present at the middle
        // itself
        if (arr[mid] == x)
            return mid;

        // If element is smaller than mid, then
        // it can only be present in left subarray
        if (arr[mid] > x)
            return binarySearch(arr, low, mid - 1, x);

        // Else the element can only be present
        // in right subarray
        return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, high, x);
    }
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 };
    int query = 10;
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    int result = binarySearch(arr, 0, n - 1, query);
    (result == -1)
        ? cout << "Element is not present in array"
        : cout << "Element is present at index " << result;
    return 0;
}

C

// C program to implement recursive Binary Search
#include <stdio.h>

// A recursive binary search function. It returns
// location of x in given array arr[low..high] is present,
// otherwise -1
int binarySearch(int arr[], int low, int high, int x)
{
    if (high >= low) {
        int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

        // If the element is present at the middle
        // itself
        if (arr[mid] == x)
            return mid;

        // If element is smaller than mid, then
        // it can only be present in left subarray
        if (arr[mid] > x)
            return binarySearch(arr, low, mid - 1, x);

        // Else the element can only be present
        // in right subarray
        return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, high, x);
    }

    // We reach here when element is not
    // present in array
    return -1;
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
    int arr[] = { 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 };
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);
    int x = 10;
    int result = binarySearch(arr, 0, n - 1, x);
    (result == -1)
        ? printf("Element is not present in array")
        : printf("Element is present at index %d", result);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java implementation of recursive Binary Search
class BinarySearch {

    // Returns index of x if it is present in arr[low..
    // high], else return -1
    int binarySearch(int arr[], int low, int high, int x)
    {
        if (high >= low) {
            int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

            // If the element is present at the
            // middle itself
            if (arr[mid] == x)
                return mid;

            // If element is smaller than mid, then
            // it can only be present in left subarray
            if (arr[mid] > x)
                return binarySearch(arr, low, mid - 1, x);

            // Else the element can only be present
            // in right subarray
            return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, high, x);
        }

        // We reach here when element is not present
        // in array
        return -1;
    }

    // Driver code
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
        BinarySearch ob = new BinarySearch();
        int arr[] = { 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 };
        int n = arr.length;
        int x = 10;
        int result = ob.binarySearch(arr, 0, n - 1, x);
        if (result == -1)
            System.out.println(
                "Element is not present in array");
        else
            System.out.println(
                "Element is present at index " + result);
    }
}
/* This code is contributed by Rajat Mishra */

Python

# Python3 Program for recursive binary search.


# Returns index of x in arr if present, else -1
def binarySearch(arr, low, high, x):

    # Check base case
    if high >= low:

        mid = low + (high - low) // 2

        # If element is present at the middle itself
        if arr[mid] == x:
            return mid

        # If element is smaller than mid, then it
        # can only be present in left subarray
        elif arr[mid] > x:
            return binarySearch(arr, low, mid-1, x)

        # Else the element can only be present
        # in right subarray
        else:
            return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, high, x)

    # Element is not present in the array
    else:
        return -1


# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    arr = [2, 3, 4, 10, 40]
    x = 10
    
    # Function call
    result = binarySearch(arr, 0, len(arr)-1, x)
    
    if result != -1:
        print("Element is present at index", result)
    else:
        print("Element is not present in array")

C#

// C# implementation of recursive Binary Search
using System;

class GFG {

    // Returns index of x if it is present in
    // arr[low..high], else return -1
    static int binarySearch(int[] arr, int low, int high, int x)
    {
        if (high >= low) {
            int mid = low + (high - low) / 2;

            // If the element is present at the
            // middle itself
            if (arr[mid] == x)
                return mid;

            // If element is smaller than mid, then
            // it can only be present in left subarray
            if (arr[mid] > x)
                return binarySearch(arr, low, mid - 1, x);

            // Else the element can only be present
            // in right subarray
            return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, high, x);
        }

        // We reach here when element is not present
        // in array
        return -1;
    }

    // Driver code
    public static void Main()
    {

        int[] arr = { 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 };
        int n = arr.Length;
        int x = 10;

        int result = binarySearch(arr, 0, n - 1, x);

        if (result == -1)
            Console.WriteLine(
                "Element is not present in arrau");
        else
            Console.WriteLine("Element is present at index "
                              + result);
    }
}

// This code is contributed by Sam007.

Javascript

// JavaScript program to implement recursive Binary Search

// A recursive binary search function. It returns
// location of x in given array arr[low..high] is present,
// otherwise -1
function binarySearch(arr, low, high, x){
    if (high >= low) {
        let mid = low + Math.floor((high - low) / 2);

        // If the element is present at the middle
        // itself
        if (arr[mid] == x)
            return mid;

        // If element is smaller than mid, then
        // it can only be present in left subarray
        if (arr[mid] > x)
            return binarySearch(arr, low, mid - 1, x);

        // Else the element can only be present
        // in right subarray
        return binarySearch(arr, mid + 1, high, x);
    }

    // We reach here when element is not
    // present in array
    return -1;
}

let arr = [ 2, 3, 4, 10, 40 ];
let x = 10;
let n = arr.length
let result = binarySearch(arr, 0, n - 1, x);
(result == -1) ? console.log( "Element is not present in array")
               : console.log("Element is present at index " +result);

PHP

<?php
// PHP program to implement
// recursive Binary Search

// A recursive binary search
// function. It returns location
// of x in given array arr[low..high] 
// is present, otherwise -1
function binarySearch($arr, $low, $high, $x)
{
if ($high >= $low)
{
        $mid = ceil($low + ($high - $low) / 2);

        // If the element is present 
        // at the middle itself
        if ($arr[$mid] == $x) 
            return floor($mid);

        // If element is smaller than 
        // mid, then it can only be 
        // present in left subarray
        if ($arr[$mid] > $x) 
            return binarySearch($arr, $low, 
                                $mid - 1, $x);

        // Else the element can only 
        // be present in right subarray
        return binarySearch($arr, $mid + 1, 
                            $high, $x);
}

// We reach here when element 
// is not present in array
return -1;
}

// Driver Code
$arr = array(2, 3, 4, 10, 40);
$n = count($arr);
$x = 10;
$result = binarySearch($arr, 0, $n - 1, $x);
if(($result == -1))
echo "Element is not present in array";
else
echo "Element is present at index ",
                            $result;
                          
?>

Output

Element is present at index 3

Complexity Analysis of Binary Search Algorithm:

• Time Complexity:
  • Best Case: O(1)
  • Average Case: O(log N)
  • Worst Case: O(log N)
• Auxiliary Space: O(1), If the recursive call stack is considered then the auxiliary space will be O(logN).

Applications of Binary Search Algorithm:

• Binary search can be used as a building block for more complex algorithms used in machine learning, such as algorithms for training neural networks or finding the optimal hyperparameters for a model.
• It can be used for searching in computer graphics such as algorithms for ray tracing or texture mapping.
• It can be used for searching a database.

Advantages of Binary Search:

• Binary search is faster than linear search, especially for large arrays.
• More efficient than other searching algorithms with a similar time complexity, such as interpolation search or exponential search.
• Binary search is well-suited for searching large datasets that are stored in external memory, such as on a hard drive or in the cloud.

Disadvantages of Binary Search:

• The array should be sorted.
• Binary search requires that the data structure being searched be stored in contiguous memory locations. 
• Binary search requires that the elements of the array be comparable, meaning that they must be able to be ordered.

Frequently Asked Questions(FAQs) on Binary Search:

1. What is Binary Search?

Binary search is an efficient algorithm for finding a target value within a sorted array. It works by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half.

2. How does Binary Search work?

Binary Search compares the target value to the middle element of the array. If they are equal, the search is successful. If the target is less than the middle element, the search continues in the lower half of the array. If the target is greater, the search continues in the upper half. This process repeats until the target is found or the search interval is empty.

3. What is the time complexity of Binary Search?

The time complexity of binary search is O(log₂n), where n is the number of elements in the array. This is because the size of the search interval is halved in each step.

4. What are the prerequisites for Binary Search?

Binary search requires that the array is sorted in ascending or descending order. If the array is not sorted, we cannot use Binary Search to search an element in the array.

5. What happens if the array is not sorted for binary search?

If the array is not sorted, binary search may return incorrect results. It relies on the sorted nature of the array to make decisions about which half of the array to search.

6. Can binary search be applied to non-numeric data?

Yes, binary search can be applied to non-numeric data as long as there is a defined order for the elements. For example, it can be used to search for strings in alphabetical order.

7. What are some common disadvantages of Binary Search?

The disadvantage of Binary Search is that the input array needs to be sorted to decide which in which half the target element can lie. Therefore for unsorted arrays, we need to sort the array before applying Binary Search.

8. When should Binary Search be used?

Binary search should be used when searching for a target value in a sorted array, especially when the size of the array is large. It is particularly efficient for large datasets compared to linear search algorithms.

9. Can binary search be implemented recursively?

Yes, binary search can be implemented both iteratively and recursively. The recursive implementation often leads to more concise code but may have slightly higher overhead due to recursive stack space or function calls.

10. Is Binary Search always the best choice for searching in a sorted array?

While binary search is very efficient for searching in sorted arrays, there may be specific cases where other search algorithms are more appropriate, such as when dealing with small datasets or when the array is frequently modified.