Flood fill Algorithm - how to implement fill() in paint?

In MS-Paint, when we take the brush to a pixel and click, the color of the region of that pixel is replaced with a new selected color. Following is the problem statement to do this task.
Given a 2D screen, location of a pixel in the screen and a color, replace color of the given pixel and all adjacent same colored pixels with the given color.

Example:

Input:
screen[M][N] = {{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
               {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0},
               {1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1},
               {1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0},
               {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0},
               {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0},
               {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1},
               {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1},
               };
    x = 4, y = 4, newColor = 3
The values in the given 2D screen
  indicate colors of the pixels.
x and y are coordinates of the brush,
   newColor is the color that
should replace the previous color on 
   screen[x][y] and all surrounding
pixels with same color.

Output:
Screen should be changed to following.
screen[M][N] = {{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
               {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0},
               {1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1},
               {1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 1, 0},
               {1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 0, 1, 0},
               {1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0},
               {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1},
               {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1},
               };

This question can be solved using either Recursion or BFS. Both the solutions are discussed below
1:- Using Recursion
The idea is simple, we first replace the color of the current pixel, then recur for 4 surrounding points. The following is a detailed algorithm.

// A recursive function to replace 
// previous color 'prevC' at  '(x, y)' 
// and all surrounding pixels of (x, y)
// with new color 'newC' and
floodFil(screen[M][N], x, y, prevC, newC)
1) If x or y is outside the screen, then return.
2) If color of screen[x][y] is not same as prevC, then return
3) Recur for north, south, east and west.
    floodFillUtil(screen, x+1, y, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x-1, y, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y+1, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y-1, prevC, newC);

The following is the implementation of the above algorithm.

C++

// A C++ program to implement flood fill algorithm
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// Dimentions of paint screen
#define M 8
#define N 8
 
// A recursive function to replace previous color 'prevC' at  '(x, y)' 
// and all surrounding pixels of (x, y) with new color 'newC' and
void floodFillUtil(int screen[][N], int x, int y, int prevC, int newC)
{
    // Base cases
    if (x < 0 || x >= M || y < 0 || y >= N)
        return;
    if (screen[x][y] != prevC)
        return;
    if (screen[x][y] == newC) 
        return; 
 
    // Replace the color at (x, y)
    screen[x][y] = newC;
 
    // Recur for north, east, south and west
    floodFillUtil(screen, x+1, y, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x-1, y, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y+1, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y-1, prevC, newC);
}
 
// It mainly finds the previous color on (x, y) and
// calls floodFillUtil()
void floodFill(int screen[][N], int x, int y, int newC)
{
    int prevC = screen[x][y];
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y, prevC, newC);
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int screen[M][N] = {{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
                      {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0},
                      {1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1},
                      {1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0},
                      {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0},
                      {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0},
                      {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1},
                      {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1},
                     };
    int x = 4, y = 4, newC = 3;
    floodFill(screen, x, y, newC);
 
    cout << "Updated screen after call to floodFill: \n";
    for (int i=0; i<M; i++)
    {
        for (int j=0; j<N; j++)
           cout << screen[i][j] << " ";
        cout << endl;
    }
}

Java

// Java program to implement flood fill algorithm
class GFG
{
 
// Dimentions of paint screen
static int M = 8;
static int N = 8;
 
// A recursive function to replace previous color 'prevC' at '(x, y)' 
// and all surrounding pixels of (x, y) with new color 'newC' and
static void floodFillUtil(int screen[][], int x, int y, 
                                    int prevC, int newC)
{
    // Base cases
    if (x < 0 || x >= M || y < 0 || y >= N)
        return;
    if (screen[x][y] != prevC)
        return;
 
    // Replace the color at (x, y)
    screen[x][y] = newC;
 
    // Recur for north, east, south and west
    floodFillUtil(screen, x+1, y, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x-1, y, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y+1, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y-1, prevC, newC);
}
 
// It mainly finds the previous color on (x, y) and
// calls floodFillUtil()
static void floodFill(int screen[][], int x, int y, int newC)
{
    int prevC = screen[x][y];
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y, prevC, newC);
}
 
// Driver code
public static void main(String[] args) 
{
    int screen[][] = {{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
                    {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0},
                    {1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1},
                    {1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0},
                    {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0},
                    {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0},
                    {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1},
                    {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1},
                    };
    int x = 4, y = 4, newC = 3;
    floodFill(screen, x, y, newC);
 
    System.out.println("Updated screen after call to floodFill: ");
    for (int i = 0; i < M; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
        System.out.print(screen[i][j] + " ");
        System.out.println();
    }
    }
}
 
// This code has been contributed by 29AjayKumar

Python3

# Python3 program to implement 
# flood fill algorithm
 
# Dimentions of paint screen 
M = 8
N = 8
 
# A recursive function to replace 
# previous color 'prevC' at '(x, y)' 
# and all surrounding pixels of (x, y) 
# with new color 'newC' and 
def floodFillUtil(screen, x, y, prevC, newC):
     
    # Base cases
    if (x < 0 or x >= M or y < 0 or
        y >= N or screen[x][y] != prevC or
        screen[x][y] == newC):
        return
 
    # Replace the color at (x, y)
    screen[x][y] = newC
 
    # Recur for north, east, south and west
    floodFillUtil(screen, x + 1, y, prevC, newC)
    floodFillUtil(screen, x - 1, y, prevC, newC)
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y + 1, prevC, newC)
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y - 1, prevC, newC)
 
# It mainly finds the previous color on (x, y) and 
# calls floodFillUtil() 
def floodFill(screen, x, y, newC):
    prevC = screen[x][y]
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y, prevC, newC)
 
# Driver Code
screen = [[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], 
          [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0], 
          [1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1], 
          [1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0], 
          [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0], 
          [1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0], 
          [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1], 
          [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1]]
 
x = 4
y = 4
newC = 3
floodFill(screen, x, y, newC)
 
print ("Updated screen after call to floodFill:")
for i in range(M):
    for j in range(N):
        print(screen[i][j], end = ' ')
    print()
 
# This code is contributed by Ashutosh450

C#

// C# program to implement
// flood fill algorithm 
using System; 
     
class GFG
{
 
// Dimentions of paint screen
static int M = 8;
static int N = 8;
 
// A recursive function to replace 
// previous color 'prevC' at '(x, y)' 
// and all surrounding pixels of (x, y) 
// with new color 'newC' and
static void floodFillUtil(int [,]screen, 
                          int x, int y, 
                          int prevC, int newC)
{
    // Base cases
    if (x < 0 || x >= M || 
        y < 0 || y >= N)
        return;
    if (screen[x, y] != prevC)
        return;
 
    // Replace the color at (x, y)
    screen[x, y] = newC;
 
    // Recur for north, east, south and west
    floodFillUtil(screen, x + 1, y, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x - 1, y, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y + 1, prevC, newC);
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y - 1, prevC, newC);
}
 
// It mainly finds the previous color 
// on (x, y) and calls floodFillUtil()
static void floodFill(int [,]screen, int x,
                      int y, int newC)
{
    int prevC = screen[x, y];
    floodFillUtil(screen, x, y, prevC, newC);
}
 
// Driver code
public static void Main(String[] args) 
{
    int [,]screen = {{1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1},
                     {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0},
                     {1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1},
                     {1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0},
                     {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0},
                     {1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0},
                     {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1},
                     {1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1}};
    int x = 4, y = 4, newC = 3;
    floodFill(screen, x, y, newC);
 
    Console.WriteLine("Updated screen after" + 
                      "call to floodFill: ");
    for (int i = 0; i < M; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < N; j++)
        Console.Write(screen[i, j] + " ");
        Console.WriteLine();
    }
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by PrinciRaj1992 

Output

Updated screen after call to floodFill: 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 
1 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 
1 1 1 3 3 0 1 0 
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1

Method 2: Using the BFS approach

Algorithm for BFS based approach :

Create a queue of pairs.
Insert an initial index given in the queue.
Mark initial index as visited in vis[][] matrix.
Until the queue is not empty repeat step 3.1 to 3.6
- Take the front element from the queue
- Pop from the queue
- Store current value/colour at coordinate taken out from queue (precolor)
- Update the value/color of the current index which is taken out from the queue
- Check for all 4 direction i.e (x+1,y),(x-1,y),(x,y+1),(x,y-1) is valid or not and if valid then check that value at that coordinate should be equal to precolor and value of that coordinate in vis[][] is 0.
- If all the above condition is true push the corresponding coordinate in queue and mark as 1 in vis[][]
Print the matrix.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// CPP program for above approach
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Function to check valid coordinate
int validCoord(int x, int y, int n, int m)
{
 
    if (x < 0 || y < 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    if (x >= n || y >= m) {
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}
 
// Function to run bfs
void bfs(int n, int m, int data[][8], 
                     int x, int y, int color)
{
   
  // Visiing array
  int vis[101][101];
   
  // Initialing all as zero
  memset(vis, 0, sizeof(vis));
   
  // Creating queue for bfs
  queue<pair<int, int> > obj;
   
  // Pushing pair of {x, y}
  obj.push({ x, y });
   
  // Marking {x, y} as visited
  vis[x][y] = 1;
   
  // Untill queue is emppty
  while (obj.empty() != 1) 
  {
 
    // Extrating front pair
    pair<int, int> coord = obj.front();
    int x = coord.first;
    int y = coord.second;
    int preColor = data[x][y];
 
    data[x][y] = color;
     
    // Poping front pair of queue
    obj.pop();
 
    // For Upside Pixel or Cell
    if (validCoord(x + 1, y, n, m)
        && vis[x + 1][y] == 0
        && data[x + 1][y] == preColor)
    {
      obj.push({ x + 1, y });
      vis[x + 1][y] = 1;
    }
     
    // For Downside Pixel or Cell
    if (validCoord(x - 1, y, n, m)
        && vis[x - 1][y] == 0
        && data[x - 1][y] == preColor) 
    {
      obj.push({ x - 1, y });
      vis[x - 1][y] = 1;
    }
     
    // For Right side Pixel or Cell
    if (validCoord(x, y + 1, n, m)
        && vis[x][y + 1] == 0
        && data[x][y + 1] == preColor) 
    {
      obj.push({ x, y + 1 });
      vis[x][y + 1] = 1;
    }
     
    // For Left side Pixel or Cell
    if (validCoord(x, y - 1, n, m)
        && vis[x][y - 1] == 0
        && data[x][y - 1] == preColor) 
    {
      obj.push({ x, y - 1 });
      vis[x][y - 1] = 1;
    }
  }
   
  // Printing The Changed Matrix Of Pixels
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
  {
    for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) 
    {
      cout << data[i][j] << " ";
    }
    cout << endl;
  }
  cout << endl;
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
  int n, m, x, y, color;
  n = 8;
  m = 8;
 
  int data[8][8] = {
    { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
    { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 },
    { 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
    { 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0 },
    { 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0 },
    { 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0 },
    { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1 },
    { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1 },
  };
 
  x = 4, y = 4, color = 3;
   
  // Function Call
  bfs(n, m, data, x, y, color);
  return 0;
}

Java

/*package whatever //do not write package name here */
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
 
// Class to store the pairs
class Pair implements Comparable<Pair> {
    int first;
    int second;
 
    public Pair(int first, int second) {
        this.first = first;
        this.second = second;
    }
 
    @Override
    public int compareTo(Pair o) {
        return second - o.second;
    }
}
 
class GFG {
    public static int validCoord(int x, int y, int n, int m)
    {
        if (x < 0 || y < 0) {
            return 0;
        }
        if (x >= n || y >= m) {
            return 0;
        }
        return 1;
    }
    // Function to run bfs
    public static void bfs(int n, int m, int data[][],int x, int y, int color)
    {
   
        // Visiing array
         int vis[][]=new int[101][101];
         
        // Initialing all as zero
        for(int i=0;i<=100;i++){
            for(int j=0;j<=100;j++){
                vis[i][j]=0;
            }
        }
         
        // Creating queue for bfs
         Queue<Pair> obj = new LinkedList<>();
   
        // Pushing pair of {x, y}
         Pair pq=new Pair(x,y);
         obj.add(pq);
          
        // Marking {x, y} as visited
         vis[x][y] = 1;
   
        // Untill queue is emppty
        while (!obj.isEmpty()) 
        {
            // Extrating front pair
            Pair coord = obj.peek();
            int x1 = coord.first;
            int y1 = coord.second;
            int preColor = data[x1][y1];
             
            data[x1][y1] = color;
     
            // Poping front pair of queue
            obj.remove();
 
            // For Upside Pixel or Cell
            if ((validCoord(x1 + 1, y1, n, m)==1) && vis[x1 + 1][y1] == 0 && data[x1 + 1][y1] == preColor)
            {
                Pair p=new Pair(x1 +1, y1);
                obj.add(p);
                vis[x1 + 1][y1] = 1;
            }
     
            // For Downside Pixel or Cell
            if ((validCoord(x1 - 1, y1, n, m)==1) && vis[x1 - 1][y1] == 0 && data[x1 - 1][y1] == preColor) 
            {
                Pair p=new Pair(x1-1,y1);
                obj.add(p);
                vis[x1- 1][y1] = 1;
            }
     
            // For Right side Pixel or Cell
            if ((validCoord(x1, y1 + 1, n, m)==1) && vis[x1][y1 + 1] == 0 && data[x1][y1 + 1] == preColor) 
            {
                Pair p=new Pair(x1,y1 +1);
                obj.add(p);
                vis[x1][y1 + 1] = 1;
            }
     
            // For Left side Pixel or Cell
            if ((validCoord(x1, y1 - 1, n, m)==1) && vis[x1][y1 - 1] == 0 && data[x1][y1 - 1] == preColor) 
            {
                Pair p=new Pair(x1,y1 -1);
                obj.add(p);
                vis[x1][y1 - 1] = 1;
            }
        }
   
         // Printing The Changed Matrix Of Pixels
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) 
        {
            for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) 
            {   
             System.out.print(data[i][j]+" ");
            }
            System.out.println();
        }
        System.out.println();
    }
    public static void main (String[] args) {
        int nn, mm, xx, yy, colorr;
        nn = 8;
        mm = 8;
 
        int dataa[][] = {{ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 },
                          { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0 },
                          { 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 },
                          { 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0 },
                          { 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0 },
                          { 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0 },
                          { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1 },
                          { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1 },};
 
        xx = 4; yy = 4; colorr = 3;
   
        // Function Call
        bfs(nn, mm, dataa, xx, yy, colorr);
    }
} 
// This code is contributed by Manu Pathria

Output

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 
1 3 3 3 3 0 1 0 
1 1 1 3 3 0 1 0 
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 0 
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_fill

This article is contributed by Anmol. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.

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My Personal Notes

Flood fill Algorithm – how to implement fill() in paint?

C++

Java

Python3

C#

C++

Java

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