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Given an undirected graph, how to check if there is a cycle in the graph? For example, the following graph has a cycle 1-0-2-1.
We have discussed cycle detection for directed graph. We have also discussed a union-find algorithm for cycle detection in undirected graphs. The time complexity of the union-find algorithm is O(ELogV). Like directed graphs, we can use DFS to detect cycle in an undirected graph in O(V+E) time. We do a DFS traversal of the given graph. For every visited vertex ‘v’, if there is an adjacent ‘u’ such that u is already visited and u is not parent of v, then there is a cycle in graph. If we don’t find such an adjacent for any vertex, we say that there is no cycle. The assumption of this approach is that there are no parallel edges between any two vertices.
C++
// A C++ Program to detect cycle in an undirected graph #include<iostream> #include <list> #include <limits.h> using namespace std; // Class for an undirected graph class Graph { int V; // No. of vertices list<int> *adj; // Pointer to an array containing adjacency lists bool isCyclicUtil(int v, bool visited[], int parent); public: Graph(int V); // Constructor void addEdge(int v, int w); // to add an edge to graph bool isCyclic(); // returns true if there is a cycle }; Graph::Graph(int V) { this->V = V; adj = new list<int>[V]; } void Graph::addEdge(int v, int w) { adj[v].push_back(w); // Add w to v’s list. adj[w].push_back(v); // Add v to w’s list. } // A recursive function that uses visited[] and parent to detect // cycle in subgraph reachable from vertex v. bool Graph::isCyclicUtil(int v, bool visited[], int parent) { // Mark the current node as visited visited[v] = true; // Recur for all the vertices adjacent to this vertex list<int>::iterator i; for (i = adj[v].begin(); i != adj[v].end(); ++i) { // If an adjacent is not visited, then recur for that adjacent if (!visited[*i]) { if (isCyclicUtil(*i, visited, v)) return true; } // If an adjacent is visited and not parent of current vertex, // then there is a cycle. else if (*i != parent) return true; } return false; } // Returns true if the graph contains a cycle, else false. bool Graph::isCyclic() { // Mark all the vertices as not visited and not part of recursion // stack bool *visited = new bool[V]; for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) visited[i] = false; // Call the recursive helper function to detect cycle in different // DFS trees for (int u = 0; u < V; u++) if (!visited[u]) // Don't recur for u if it is already visited if (isCyclicUtil(u, visited, -1)) return true; return false; } // Driver program to test above functions int main() { Graph g1(5); g1.addEdge(1, 0); g1.addEdge(0, 2); g1.addEdge(2, 0); g1.addEdge(0, 3); g1.addEdge(3, 4); g1.isCyclic()? cout << "Graph contains cycle\n": cout << "Graph doesn't contain cycle\n"; Graph g2(3); g2.addEdge(0, 1); g2.addEdge(1, 2); g2.isCyclic()? cout << "Graph contains cycle\n": cout << "Graph doesn't contain cycle\n"; return 0; } |
Java
// A Java Program to detect cycle in an undirected graph import java.io.*; import java.util.*; // This class represents a directed graph using adjacency list // representation class Graph { private int V; // No. of vertices private LinkedList<Integer> adj[]; // Adjacency List Represntation // Constructor Graph(int v) { V = v; adj = new LinkedList[v]; for(int i=0; i<v; ++i) adj[i] = new LinkedList(); } // Function to add an edge into the graph void addEdge(int v,int w) { adj[v].add(w); adj[w].add(v); } // A recursive function that uses visited[] and parent to detect // cycle in subgraph reachable from vertex v. Boolean isCyclicUtil(int v, Boolean visited[], int parent) { // Mark the current node as visited visited[v] = true; Integer i; // Recur for all the vertices adjacent to this vertex Iterator<Integer> it = adj[v].iterator(); while (it.hasNext()) { i = it.next(); // If an adjacent is not visited, then recur for that // adjacent if (!visited[i]) { if (isCyclicUtil(i, visited, v)) return true; } // If an adjacent is visited and not parent of current // vertex, then there is a cycle. else if (i != parent) return true; } return false; } // Returns true if the graph contains a cycle, else false. Boolean isCyclic() { // Mark all the vertices as not visited and not part of // recursion stack Boolean visited[] = new Boolean[V]; for (int i = 0; i < V; i++) visited[i] = false; // Call the recursive helper function to detect cycle in // different DFS trees for (int u = 0; u < V; u++) if (!visited[u]) // Don't recur for u if already visited if (isCyclicUtil(u, visited, -1)) return true; return false; } // Driver method to test above methods public static void main(String args[]) { // Create a graph given in the above diagram Graph g1 = new Graph(5); g1.addEdge(1, 0); g1.addEdge(0, 2); g1.addEdge(2, 0); g1.addEdge(0, 3); g1.addEdge(3, 4); if (g1.isCyclic()) System.out.println("Graph contains cycle"); else System.out.println("Graph doesn't contains cycle"); Graph g2 = new Graph(3); g2.addEdge(0, 1); g2.addEdge(1, 2); if (g2.isCyclic()) System.out.println("Graph contains cycle"); else System.out.println("Graph doesn't contains cycle"); } } // This code is contributed by Aakash Hasija |
Python
# Python Program to detect cycle in an undirected graph from collections import defaultdict #This class represents a undirected graph using adjacency list representation class Graph: def __init__(self,vertices): self.V= vertices #No. of vertices self.graph = defaultdict(list) # default dictionary to store graph # function to add an edge to graph def addEdge(self,v,w): self.graph[v].append(w) #Add w to v_s list self.graph[w].append(v) #Add v to w_s list # A recursive function that uses visited[] and parent to detect # cycle in subgraph reachable from vertex v. def isCyclicUtil(self,v,visited,parent): #Mark the current node as visited visited[v]= True #Recur for all the vertices adjacent to this vertex for i in self.graph[v]: # If the node is not visited then recurse on it if visited[i]==False : if(self.isCyclicUtil(i,visited,v)): return True # If an adjacent vertex is visited and not parent of current vertex, # then there is a cycle elif parent!=i: return True return False #Returns true if the graph contains a cycle, else false. def isCyclic(self): # Mark all the vertices as not visited visited =[False]*(self.V) # Call the recursive helper function to detect cycle in different #DFS trees for i in range(self.V): if visited[i] ==False: #Don't recur for u if it is already visited if(self.isCyclicUtil(i,visited,-1))== True: return True return False # Create a graph given in the above diagram g = Graph(5) g.addEdge(1, 0) g.addEdge(0, 2) g.addEdge(2, 0) g.addEdge(0, 3) g.addEdge(3, 4) if g.isCyclic(): print "Graph contains cycle"else : print "Graph does not contain cycle "g1 = Graph(3) g1.addEdge(0,1) g1.addEdge(1,2) if g1.isCyclic(): print "Graph contains cycle"else : print "Graph does not contain cycle " #This code is contributed by Neelam Yadav |
Output:
Graph contains cycle Graph doesn't contain cycle
Time Complexity: The program does a simple DFS Traversal of graph and graph is represented using adjacency list. So the time complexity is O(V+E)
Exercise: Can we use BFS to detect cycle in an undirected graph in O(V+E) time? What about directed graphs?
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