Linux/Unix Tutorial

Linux is a widely-used open-source operating system, similar to Windows, Mac, and Android. It shares similarities with Unix, another operating system known for its commercial use. Unix and Linux have comparable components, including the kernel, shell, and programs. Many commands in Unix and Linux exhibit similar behavior and syntax.

Linux Tutorial

This Linux tutorial designed for both beginners as well as experienced professionals, covering basic and advanced concepts of Linux such as Linux commands, directory and file management, man pages, file permissions, shells, and more.

Additionally, we also provide a collections of Linux interview questions to enhance your understanding of this operating system.

Linux Tutorial Page Index

Introduction to Linux

• Introduction to Linux Operating System
• Linux Full Form
• what are Linux Distribution?
• Examples of Linux Distribution?
• Difference between Linux/Unix
• Why Linux?

Getting Started with Linux

• How to install and Run Linux Software in Windows 10 using WSL2?
• How to Install Linux Mint?
• Creating a Dual Boot System with Linux and Windows
• How to Install Linux on Windows PowerShell Subsystem?

Basic Linux Commands:

Is	cp	touch	man	cal
pwd	mv	ln	grep	wc
mkdir	rm	cat	echo	df
cd	uname	clear	wget	whereis
rmdir	locate	ps	whoami	sort

Here you can get the basic commands – Basic Commands in Linux

Linux File System

• Linux File System
• Linux File Hierarchy Structure
• Linux Directory Structure

File Management in Linux

Description	Commands
Files Listing	ls command
Creating Files	touch command
Displaying File Contents	cat command
Copying a File	cp command
Moving a File	mv command
Renaming a File	mv command
Deleting a File	rm command

Here you can get the basic of File – File Management in Linux

Permissions in Linux

• Permissions in Linux
• Files Listing: ls command
• Changing Security Permissions: chmod command
• Soft and Hard links in Unix/Linux

Package Management

• apt-get command in Linux with Examples
• Installation and Configuration of Yum in Red Hat Linux 8
  • YUM and DNF: YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modifier) and DNF (Dandified YUM)
• Installing YUM
• Debian Software Package Management(dpkg) in Linux
• How to Install RPM Packages on Linux?

User and Group Management

• sudo command in Linux with Examples
• User Management in Linux
  • awk command
  • id username
  • sudo useradd username
  • passwd udername
  • changing user ID
  • modifying group ID
  • Permissions in Linux
  • chmod – Change permission
  • User Permissions
  • Group Permissions
  • Other Permissions
  • Read Permission
  • Write Permission
  • Execute Permission
  • Symbolic notations
  • working with Octal notations permissions
• passwd command in Linux with Examples

Linux Networking

• Network configuration and trouble shooting commands in Linux

ping	traceroute	netstat	ifconfig / hostname	route
nslookup	host	arp	dig	ethtool

• How to configure network interfaces in CentOS?
• Linux Networking Tools

Linux Firewall

• What is Linux Firewall?
• How to setup firewall in Linux?
• Basic iptables commands
• Managing firewall configuration

Shell Scripting

• Introduction to Linux Shell and Shell Scripting
  • What is Kernel?
  • What is Shell?
  • Linux Shell
  • Shell is broadly classified into two categories –
    • Command Line Shell
    • Graphical Shells
  • What is a terminal?
  • Shell Scripting
  • Why do we need shell scripts?
  • Some Advantages of shell scripts
  • Some Disadvantages of shell scripts
  • Simple demo of shell scripting using Bash Shell
    
• How to Create a Shell Script in linux
  • Shell is an interface of the operating system.
  • Creating a Shell Script
  • Comments in the shell script
  • Variables in Shell Script
  • Defining the Shell Script interpreter
  • Comparison Operators
  • Conditional statements
  • Loops
  • Positional Arguments
  • Storing the output of commands
  • Exit Codes of shell commands
    
• Shell Scripting – Different types of Variables
• Bash Scripting – Introduction to Bash and Bash Scripting
• Bash Script – Define Bash Variables and its types
• Shell Scripting – Shell Variables
  • Rules for variable definition
  • Defining Variables
  • Accessing variable
  • Unsetting Variables
  • Read only Variables.
  • Variable Types
  • Local Variable
  • Environment Variable
  • Shell Variables
  • Few more examples in Shell Scripting and Shell Variable
  • How to Store User Data in a Variable?
  • To Store and Display Message
  • What is Shell and Its Type?
  • What is Shell Variable Used For?
  • What are Shell Variable and Shell Scripting?

System Administration

• What is Linux System Administration?
  • Overview of system administration
  • Role and responsibilities of a Linux system administrator
  • Importance of Linux system administration
    
• Beginner’s Guide to Linux System Administration
  • Introduction to Linux operating system
  • Basic Linux commands and file system navigation
  • User and group management
  • File and directory permissions
  • Package management
  • Process management
  • System monitoring and troubleshooting
    
• How to monitor system usage, outages and troubleshoot Linux Servers
  • System monitoring tools (e.g., top, htop, vmstat)
  • Log files and log management
  • Monitoring system resources (CPU, memory, disk usage)
  • Troubleshooting common issues (network connectivity, service failures)
    
• Linux – Systemd and its Components
  • Introduction to systemd and its role in Linux
  • Key components of systemd (systemd units, targets, services)
  • systemd commands and utilities
  • Managing and configuring systemd units
    
• Boot Process with system in Linux
  • Role of systemd in the boot process
  • systemd targets and their significance
  • Boot sequence and initialization steps
  • Troubleshooting boot-related issues
    
• How to control systemd services on Remote Linux Server
  • Establishing remote access to Linux servers
  • Understanding systemd service units
  • Enabling, disabling, and restarting services remotely
  • Checking the status of services
  • Managing dependencies and ordering of services
    
• Start/Stop/Restart Services using Systemctl in Linux
  • Introduction to systemctl command
  • Starting, stopping, and restarting services
  • Reloading configuration of services
  • Enabling and disabling services at boot
  • Managing service units and configurations

Security and hardening in Linux

• Introduction to Linux Security Principles
• Top 10 Linux Server Security Tips
• What is System hardening?
• Access Control Lists (ACL) in Linux
• Permissions in Linux
• Advance File Permissions in Linux
• Linux Firewall
• How to setup firewall in Linux
• How to Setup an Iptables Firewall to Enable remote access to service in Linux
• Introduction to SSH (Secure Shell) Keys
• ssh command in linux with Examples
• All differences between SSH and SSL, Telnet, SFTP
• Complete working of SSH
  • To change default SSH port
  • To genetrate SSH key with ssh-keygen
    
• Encrypting and decrypting of Files

Advance Linux Concepts

• Linux Kernel
• Linux Loadable kernel Module
• Virtualization with Docker Containers
• Difference between Docker and Virtualization
• How to install virtualBox In Linux?
• How to install Ubuntu, RHEL8, CSI Linux and Kali Linux on VirtualBox? 
• Networking Services
  • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
  • Domain Name System (DNS)
  • FTP
    
• Web Server Administration
  • Difference between Apache and Nginx
  • What is Nginx(Web Server) and Apache
  • How to install and configure Nginx from Source on Linux
  • Examples of deploying web applications

Linux Cloud

• Linux in Cloud
• What is cloud computing?
  • Definition and key concepts of cloud computing
  • Benefits and challenges of cloud computing
  • Types of cloud services (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)
  • Cloud deployment models (public, private, hybrid, multi-cloud)

Some working with different package managers (dpkg, yum, dnf, apt-get):

• dpkg Package Manager
• yum Package Manager
• dnf Package Manager
• apt-get Package Manager
• Package Management Best Practices
• Package Manager Comparison

Linux Interview Questions

• Linux Interview Questions

FAQs on Linux Tutorial

Q1: How to create a file in Linux?

To create a file in Linux, you can use the `touch` command followed by the desired file name. For example: touch filename.txt

Q2: Is Linux a programming skill?

No, Linux is not a programming skill. Linux is an operating system that provides a powerful command-line interface and a vast array of development tools and libraries, making it a preferred platform for software development.

Q3: What is a Linux command?

A Linux command is a text-based instruction entered into the terminal or command-line interface to perform specific operations.

Q4: How much time does it take to learn Linux?

Mastering Linux administration and advanced topics may require months or even years of continuous learning and hands-on experience.

Q5: What is Linux used for?

Linux is used in a wide range of applications and environments but it is commonly used as a server operating system due to its stability, security, and scalability.

Q6: What are the benefits of Linux?

There are several benefits of using Linux:

• Open Source: Linux is distributed under free open-source licenses, allowing users to access and modify the source code.
• Stability and Security: Linux is known for its stability and security, making it less prone to crashes, malware, and other vulnerabilities compared to other operating systems.
• Customization: Linux offers a high degree of customization, allowing users to configure and tailor their systems to specific needs and preferences.
• Compatibility: Linux supports a wide range of hardware architectures and offers compatibility with various file systems, software, and protocols.
• Performance: Linux is known for its efficiency and performance, often outperforming other operating systems, especially in resource-constrained environments.