RSA algorithm is asymmetric cryptography algorithm. Asymmetric actually means that it works on two different keys i.e. Public Key and Private Key. As the name describes that the Public Key is given to everyone and Private key is kept private.
An example of asymmetric cryptography :
- A client (for example browser) sends its public key to the server and requests for some data.
- The server encrypts the data using client’s public key and sends the encrypted data.
- Client receives this data and decrypts it.
Since this is asymmetric, nobody else except browser can decrypt the data even if a third party has public key of browser.
The idea! The idea of RSA is based on the fact that it is difficult to factorize a large integer. The public key consists of two numbers where one number is multiplication of two large prime numbers. And private key is also derived from the same two prime numbers. So if somebody can factorize the large number, the private key is compromised. Therefore encryption strength totally lies on the key size and if we double or triple the key size, the strength of encryption increases exponentially. RSA keys can be typically 1024 or 2048 bits long, but experts believe that 1024 bit keys could be broken in the near future. But till now it seems to be an infeasible task.
Let us learn the mechanism behind RSA algorithm :
-
>> Generating Public Key :
- An integer.
- Not be a factor of n.
- 1 < e < Φ(n) [Φ(n) is discussed below], Let us now consider it to be equal to 3.
>> Generating Private Key :
Now we are ready with our – Public Key ( n = 3127 and e = 3) and Private Key(d = 2011)
Now we will encrypt “HI” :
Below is C implementation of RSA algorithm for small values:
// C program for RSA asymmetric cryptographic // algorithm. For demonstration values are // relatively small compared to practical // application #include<stdio.h> #include<math.h> // Returns gcd of a and b int gcd( int a, int h) { int temp; while (1) { temp = a%h; if (temp == 0) return h; a = h; h = temp; } } // Code to demonstrate RSA algorithm int main() { // Two random prime numbers double p = 3; double q = 7; // First part of public key: double n = p*q; // Finding other part of public key. // e stands for encrypt double e = 2; double phi = (p-1)*(q-1); while (e < phi) { // e must be co-prime to phi and // smaller than phi. if (gcd(e, phi)==1) break ; else e++; } // Private key (d stands for decrypt) // choosing d such that it satisfies // d*e = 1 + k * totient int k = 2; // A constant value double d = (1 + (k*phi))/e; // Message to be encrypted double msg = 20; printf ( "Message data = %lf" , msg); // Encryption c = (msg ^ e) % n double c = pow (msg, e); c = fmod (c, n); printf ( "\nEncrypted data = %lf" , c); // Decryption m = (c ^ d) % n double m = pow (c, d); m = fmod (m, n); printf ( "\nOriginal Message Sent = %lf" , m); return 0; } // This code is contributed by Akash Sharan. |
Output :
Message data = 12.000000 Encrypted data = 3.000000 Original Message Sent = 12.000000
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