Print unique rows in a given boolean matrix

Difficulty Level : Hard
Last Updated : 03 May, 2021

Given a binary matrix, print all unique rows of the given matrix.

Example:

Input:
        {0, 1, 0, 0, 1}
        {1, 0, 1, 1, 0}
        {0, 1, 0, 0, 1}
        {1, 1, 1, 0, 0}
Output:
    0 1 0 0 1 
    1 0 1 1 0 
    1 1 1 0 0 
Explanation: 
The rows are r1={0, 1, 0, 0, 1}, 
r2={1, 0, 1, 1, 0}, r3={0, 1, 0, 0, 1}, 
r4={1, 1, 1, 0, 0}, As r1 = r3, remove r3
and print the other rows.

Input:
        {0, 1, 0}
        {1, 0, 1}
        {0, 1, 0}
Output:
   0 1 0
   1 0 1
Explanation: 
The rows are r1={0, 1, 0}, 
r2={1, 0, 1}, r3={0, 1, 0} As r1 = r3,
remove r3 and print the other rows.

Method 1: This method explains the simple approach towards solving the above problem.

Approach: A simple approach would be to check each row with all processed rows. Print the first row. Now, starting from the second row, for each row, compare the row with already processed rows. If the row matches with any of the processed rows, skip it else print it.

Algorithm:

Traverse the matrix row-wise
For each row check if there is any similar row less than the current index.
If any two rows are similar then do not print the row.
Else print the row.

Implementation:

C++

// Given a binary matrix of M X N of integers,
// you need to return only unique rows of binary array
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define ROW 4
#define COL 5
 
// The main function that prints
// all unique rows in a given matrix.
void findUniqueRows(int M[ROW][COL])
{
    //Traverse through the matrix
    for(int i=0; i<ROW; i++)
    {
        int flag=0;
         
        //check if there is similar column
        //is already printed, i.e if i and
        //jth column match.
        for(int j=0; j<i; j++)
        {
            flag=1;
             
            for(int k=0; k<=COL; k++)
            if(M[i][k]!=M[j][k])
                flag=0;
             
            if(flag==1)
            break;
        }
         
        //if no row is similar
        if(flag==0)
        {
            //print the row
            for(int j=0; j<COL; j++)
                cout<<M[i][j]<<" ";
            cout<<endl;
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int M[ROW][COL] = {{0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                       {1, 0, 1, 1, 0},
                       {0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                       {1, 0, 1, 0, 0}};
 
    findUniqueRows(M);
 
    return 0;
}

Java

// Given a binary matrix of M X N
// of integers, you need to return
// only unique rows of binary array 
class GFG{
     
static int ROW = 4;
static int COL = 5;
 
// Function that prints all
// unique rows in a given matrix.
static void findUniqueRows(int M[][])
{
     
    // Traverse through the matrix
    for(int i = 0; i < ROW; i++)
    {
        int flag = 0;
         
        // Check if there is similar column
        // is already printed, i.e if i and
        // jth column match.
        for(int j = 0; j < i; j++)
        {
            flag = 1;
 
            for(int k = 0; k < COL; k++)
                if (M[i][k] != M[j][k])
                    flag = 0;
 
            if (flag == 1)
                break;
        }
 
        // If no row is similar
        if (flag == 0)
        {
             
            // Print the row
            for(int j = 0; j < COL; j++)
                System.out.print(M[i][j] + " ");
 
            System.out.println();
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int M[][] = { { 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 },
                  { 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 },
                  { 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 },
                  { 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 } };
 
    findUniqueRows(M);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by mark_85

Python3

# Given a binary matrix of M X N of
# integers, you need to return only
# unique rows of binary array
ROW = 4
COL = 5
 
# The main function that prints
# all unique rows in a given matrix.
def findUniqueRows(M):
     
    # Traverse through the matrix
    for i in range(ROW):
        flag = 0
 
        # Check if there is similar column
        # is already printed, i.e if i and
        # jth column match.
        for j in range(i):
            flag = 1
 
            for k in range(COL):
                if (M[i][k] != M[j][k]):
                    flag = 0
 
            if (flag == 1):
                break
 
        # If no row is similar
        if (flag == 0):
             
            # Print the row
            for j in range(COL):
                print(M[i][j], end = " ")
                 
            print()   
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
     
    M = [ [ 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 ],
          [ 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 ],
          [ 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 ],
          [ 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 ] ]
 
    findUniqueRows(M)
 
# This code is contributed by mohit kumar 29

C#

// Given a binary matrix of M X N 
// of integers, you need to return
// only unique rows of binary array  
using System;
 
class GFG{
     
static int ROW = 4;
static int COL = 5;
   
// Function that prints all 
// unique rows in a given matrix.
static void findUniqueRows(int[,] M)
{
     
    // Traverse through the matrix
    for(int i = 0; i < ROW; i++)
    {
        int flag = 0;
           
        // Check if there is similar column
        // is already printed, i.e if i and
        // jth column match.
        for(int j = 0; j < i; j++) 
        {
            flag = 1;
             
            for(int k = 0; k < COL; k++)
                if (M[i, k] != M[j, k])
                    flag = 0;
   
            if (flag == 1)
                break;
        }
   
        // If no row is similar
        if (flag == 0)
        {
             
            // Print the row
            for(int j = 0; j < COL; j++)
                Console.Write(M[i, j] + " ");
   
            Console.WriteLine();
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver code
static void Main()
{
    int[,] M = { { 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 },
                 { 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 },
                 { 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 },
                 { 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 } };
     
    findUniqueRows(M);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by divyeshrabadiya07

Javascript

<script>
// Given a binary matrix of M X N
// of integers, you need to return
// only unique rows of binary array
     
    let ROW = 4;
    let COL = 5;
     
    // Function that prints all
// unique rows in a given matrix.
    function findUniqueRows(M)
    {
        // Traverse through the matrix
    for(let i = 0; i < ROW; i++)
    {
        let flag = 0;
           
        // Check if there is similar column
        // is already printed, i.e if i and
        // jth column match.
        for(let j = 0; j < i; j++)
        {
            flag = 1;
   
            for(let k = 0; k < COL; k++)
                if (M[i][k] != M[j][k])
                    flag = 0;
   
            if (flag == 1)
                break;
        }
   
        // If no row is similar
        if (flag == 0)
        {
               
            // Print the row
            for(let j = 0; j < COL; j++)
                document.write(M[i][j] + " ");
   
            document.write("<br>");
        }
    }
    }
     
    // Driver Code
    let M = [ [ 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 ],
          [ 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 ],
          [ 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 ],
          [ 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 ] ]
   
    findUniqueRows(M)
     
    // This code is contributed by unknown2108
</script>

Output:

0 1 0 0 1 
1 0 1 1 0 
1 0 1 0 0

Complexity Analysis:

Time complexity: O( ROW^2 x COL ).
So for every row check if there is any other similar row. So the time complexity is O( ROW^2 x COL ).
Auxiliary Space: O(1).
As no extra space is required.

Method 2: This method uses Binary Search Tree to solve the above operation. The Binary Search Tree is a node-based binary tree data structure which has the following properties:

The left subtree of a node contains only nodes with keys lesser than the node’s key.
The right subtree of a node contains only nodes with keys greater than the node’s key.
The left and right subtree each must also be a binary search tree.
There must be no duplicate nodes.

The above properties of Binary Search Tree provide ordering among keys so that the operations like search, minimum and maximum can be done fast. If there is no order, then we may have to compare every key to search a given key.

Approach: The process must begin from finding the decimal equivalent of each row and inserting them into a BST. As we know, each node of the BST will contain two fields, one field for the decimal value, other for row number. One must not insert a node if it is duplicated. Finally, traverse the BST and print the corresponding rows.

Algorithm:

Create a BST in which no duplicate elements can be stored. Create a function to convert a row into decimal and to convert the decimal value into binary array.
Traverse through the matrix and insert the row into the BST.
Traverse the BST (inorder traversal) and convert the decimal into binary array and print it.

Implementation:

C++14

// Given a binary matrix of M X N of integers,
// you need to return only unique rows of binary array
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define ROW 4
#define COL 5
 
class BST
{
    int data;
    BST *left, *right;
 
    public:
     
    // Default constructor.
    BST();
     
    // Parameterized constructor.
    BST(int);
     
    // Insert function.
    BST* Insert(BST *, int);
     
    // Inorder traversal.
    void Inorder(BST *);
};
 
//convert array to decimal
int convert(int arr[])
{
    int sum=0;
     
    for(int i=0; i<COL; i++)
    {
        sum+=pow(2,i)*arr[i];
    }
    return sum;
}
 
//print the column represented as integers
void print(int p)
{
    for(int i=0; i<COL; i++)
    {
        cout<<p%2<<" ";
        p/=2;
    }
    cout<<endl;
}
 
 
// Default Constructor definition.
BST :: BST() : data(0), left(NULL), right(NULL){}
 
// Parameterized Constructor definition.
BST :: BST(int value)
{
    data = value;
    left = right = NULL;
}
 
// Insert function definition.
BST* BST :: Insert(BST *root, int value)
{
    if(!root)
    {
        // Insert the first node, if root is NULL.
        return new BST(value);
    }
     
    //if the value is present
    if(value == root->data)
     return root;
 
    // Insert data.
    if(value > root->data)
    {
        // Insert right node data, if the 'value'
        // to be inserted is greater than 'root' node data.
         
        // Process right nodes.
        root->right = Insert(root->right, value);
    }
    else
    {
        // Insert left node data, if the 'value'
        // to be inserted is greater than 'root' node data.
         
        // Process left nodes.
        root->left = Insert(root->left, value);
    }
     
    // Return 'root' node, after insertion.
    return root;
}
 
// Inorder traversal function.
// This gives data in sorted order.
void BST :: Inorder(BST *root)
{
    if(!root)
    {
        return;
    }
    Inorder(root->left);
    print( root->data );
    Inorder(root->right);
}
 
 
// The main function that prints
// all unique rows in a given matrix.
void findUniqueRows(int M[ROW][COL])
{
     
    BST b, *root = NULL;
     
    //Traverse through the matrix
    for(int i=0; i<ROW; i++)
    {
        //insert the row into BST
        root=b.Insert(root,convert(M[i]));
    }
     
     
    //print
    b.Inorder(root);
     
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int M[ROW][COL] = {{0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                       {1, 0, 1, 1, 0},
                       {0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                       {1, 0, 1, 0, 0}};
 
    findUniqueRows(M);
 
    return 0;
}

Output:

1 0 1 0 0 
1 0 1 1 0 
0 1 0 0 1

Complexity Analysis:

Time complexity: O( ROW x COL + ROW x log( ROW ) ).
To traverse the matrix time complexity is O( ROW x COL) and to insert them into BST time complexity is O(log ROW) for each row. So overall time complexity is O( ROW x COL + ROW x log( ROW ) )
Auxiliary Space: O( ROW ).
To store the BST O(ROW) space is needed.

Method 3: This method uses Trie data structure to solve the above problem. Trie is an efficient information retrieval data structure. Using Trie, search complexities can be brought to an optimal limit (key length). If we store keys in the binary search tree, a well-balanced BST will need time proportional to M * log N, where M is maximum string length and N is the number of keys in the tree. Using Trie, we can search the key in O(M) time. However, the penalty is on Trie storage requirements.
Note: This method will lead to Integer Overflow if the number of columns is large.

Approach:
Since the matrix is boolean, a variant of Trie data structure can be used where each node will be having two children one for 0 and other for 1. Insert each row in the Trie. If the row is already there, don’t print the row. If the row is not there in Trie, insert it in Trie and print it.

Algorithm:

Create a Trie where rows can be stored.
Traverse through the matrix and insert the row into the Trie.
Trie cannot store duplicate entries so the duplicates will be removed
Traverse the Trie and print the rows.

Implementation:

C++

// Given a binary matrix of M X N of integers,
// you need to return only unique rows of binary array
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define ROW 4
#define COL 5
 
// A Trie node
class Node
{
    public:
    bool isEndOfCol;
    Node *child[2]; // Only two children needed for 0 and 1
} ;
 
 
// A utility function to allocate memory
// for a new Trie node
Node* newNode()
{
    Node* temp = new Node();
    temp->isEndOfCol = 0;
    temp->child[0] = temp->child[1] = NULL;
    return temp;
}
 
// Inserts a new matrix row to Trie.
// If row is already present,
// then returns 0, otherwise insets the row and
// return 1
bool insert(Node** root, int (*M)[COL],
                int row, int col )
{
    // base case
    if (*root == NULL)
        *root = newNode();
 
    // Recur if there are more entries in this row
    if (col < COL)
        return insert (&((*root)->child[M[row][col]]),
                                        M, row, col + 1);
 
    else // If all entries of this row are processed
    {
        // unique row found, return 1
        if (!((*root)->isEndOfCol))
            return (*root)->isEndOfCol = 1;
 
        // duplicate row found, return 0
        return 0;
    }
}
 
// A utility function to print a row
void printRow(int(*M)[COL], int row)
{
    int i;
    for(i = 0; i < COL; ++i)
        cout << M[row][i] << " ";
    cout << endl;
}
 
// The main function that prints
// all unique rows in a given matrix.
void findUniqueRows(int (*M)[COL])
{
    Node* root = NULL; // create an empty Trie
    int i;
 
    // Iterate through all rows
    for (i = 0; i < ROW; ++i)
     
        // insert row to TRIE
        if (insert(&root, M, i, 0))
         
            // unique row found, print it
            printRow(M, i);
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int M[ROW][COL] = {{0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                       {1, 0, 1, 1, 0},
                       {0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                       {1, 0, 1, 0, 0}};
 
    findUniqueRows(M);
 
    return 0;
}
 
// This code is contributed by rathbhupendra

C

//Given a binary matrix of M X N of integers, you need to return only unique rows of binary array
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
 
#define ROW 4
#define COL 5
 
// A Trie node
typedef struct Node
{
    bool isEndOfCol;
    struct Node *child[2]; // Only two children needed for 0 and 1
} Node;
 
 
// A utility function to allocate memory for a new Trie node
Node* newNode()
{
    Node* temp = (Node *)malloc( sizeof( Node ) );
    temp->isEndOfCol = 0;
    temp->child[0] = temp->child[1] = NULL;
    return temp;
}
 
// Inserts a new matrix row to Trie.  If row is already
// present, then returns 0, otherwise insets the row and
// return 1
bool insert( Node** root, int (*M)[COL], int row, int col )
{
    // base case
    if ( *root == NULL )
        *root = newNode();
 
    // Recur if there are more entries in this row
    if ( col < COL )
        return insert ( &( (*root)->child[ M[row][col] ] ), M, row, col+1 );
 
    else // If all entries of this row are processed
    {
        // unique row found, return 1
        if ( !( (*root)->isEndOfCol ) )
            return (*root)->isEndOfCol = 1;
 
        // duplicate row found, return 0
        return 0;
    }
}
 
// A utility function to print a row
void printRow( int (*M)[COL], int row )
{
    int i;
    for( i = 0; i < COL; ++i )
        printf( "%d ", M[row][i] );
    printf("\n");
}
 
// The main function that prints all unique rows in a
// given matrix.
void findUniqueRows( int (*M)[COL] )
{
    Node* root = NULL; // create an empty Trie
    int i;
 
    // Iterate through all rows
    for ( i = 0; i < ROW; ++i )
        // insert row to TRIE
        if ( insert(&root, M, i, 0) )
            // unique row found, print it
            printRow( M, i );
}
 
// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
    int M[ROW][COL] = {{0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
        {1, 0, 1, 1, 0},
        {0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
        {1, 0, 1, 0, 0}
    };
 
    findUniqueRows( M );
 
    return 0;
}

Output:

0 1 0 0 1 
1 0 1 1 0 
1 0 1 0 0

Complexity Analysis:

Time complexity: O( ROW x COL ).
To traverse the matrix and insert in the trie the time complexity is O( ROW x COL). This method has better time complexity. Also, the relative order of rows is maintained while printing but it takes a toll on space.
Auxiliary Space: O( ROW x COL ).
To store the Trie O(ROW x COL) space complexity is needed.

Method 4: This method uses HashSet data structure to solve the above problem. The HashSet class implements the Set interface, backed by a hash table which is actually a HashMap instance. No guarantee is made as to the iteration order of the set which means that the class does not guarantee the constant order of elements over time. This class permits the null element. The class offers constant time performance for the basic operations like add, remove, contains and size assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets.

Approach: In this method convert the whole row into a single String and then if check it is already present in the HashSet or not. If the row is present then we will leave it otherwise we will print unique row and add it to HashSet.

Algorithm:

Create a HashSet where rows can be stored as a String.
Traverse through the matrix and insert the row as String into the HashSet.
HashSet cannot store duplicate entries so the duplicates will be removed
Traverse the HashSet and print the rows.

Implementation:

C++

// C++ code to print unique row in a
// given binary matrix
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
void printArray(int arr[][5], int row,
                              int col)
{
    unordered_set<string> uset;
     
    for(int i = 0; i < row; i++)
    {
        string s = "";
         
        for(int j = 0; j < col; j++)
            s += to_string(arr[i][j]);
         
        if(uset.count(s) == 0)
        {
            uset.insert(s);
            cout << s << endl;
             
        }
    }
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int arr[][5] = {{0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                    {1, 0, 1, 1, 0},
                    {0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                    {1, 1, 1, 0, 0}};
     
    printArray(arr, 4, 5);
}
 
// This code is contributed by
// rathbhupendra

Java

// Java code to print unique row in a
// given binary matrix
import java.util.HashSet;
 
public class GFG {
 
    public static void printArray(int arr[][],
                               int row,int col)
    {
         
        HashSet<String> set = new HashSet<String>();
         
        for(int i = 0; i < row; i++)
        {
            String s = "";
             
            for(int j = 0; j < col; j++)
                s += String.valueOf(arr[i][j]);
             
            if(!set.contains(s)) {
                set.add(s);
                System.out.println(s);
                 
            }
        }
    }
     
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String[] args) {
         
        int arr[][] = { {0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                        {1, 0, 1, 1, 0},
                        {0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
                        {1, 1, 1, 0, 0} };
         
        printArray(arr, 4, 5);
    }
}

Python3

# Python3 code to print unique row in a
# given binary matrix
 
def printArray(matrix):
 
    rowCount = len(matrix)
    if rowCount == 0:
        return
 
    columnCount = len(matrix[0])
    if columnCount == 0:
        return
 
    row_output_format = " ".join(["%s"] * columnCount)
 
    printed = {}
 
    for row in matrix:
        routput = row_output_format % tuple(row)
        if routput not in printed:
            printed[routput] = True
            print(routput)
 
# Driver Code
mat = [[0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
       [1, 0, 1, 1, 0],
       [0, 1, 0, 0, 1],
       [1, 1, 1, 0, 0]]
 
printArray(mat)
 
# This code is contributed by myronwalker

C#

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
 
// c# code to print unique row in a 
// given binary matrix
 
public class GFG
{
 
    public static void printArray(int[][] arr, int row, int col)
    {
 
        HashSet<string> set = new HashSet<string>();
 
        for (int i = 0; i < row; i++)
        {
            string s = "";
 
            for (int j = 0; j < col; j++)
            {
                s += arr[i][j].ToString();
            }
 
            if (!set.Contains(s))
            {
                set.Add(s);
                Console.WriteLine(s);
 
            }
        }
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
 
        int[][] arr = new int[][]
        {
            new int[] {0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
            new int[] {1, 0, 1, 1, 0},
            new int[] {0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
            new int[] {1, 1, 1, 0, 0}
        };
 
        printArray(arr, 4, 5);
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Shrikant13

Output:

01001
10110
11100

Complexity Analysis:

Time complexity: O( ROW x COL ).
To traverse the matrix and insert in the HashSet the time complexity is O( ROW x COL)
Auxiliary Space: O( ROW ).
To store the HashSet O(ROW x COL) space complexity is needed.

Thanks, Anshuman Kaushik for suggesting this method.

Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.

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