Jurisdiction of the UN| Class 12 Political Science Notes

The United Nations oversees a broad range of global activities. The purpose of these activities is to maintain peace, promote human rights, and boost environmental sustainability. Its jurisdiction includes peacekeeping operations, humanitarian aid, and the advancement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

In this article, you will get detailed notes on Jurisdiction of the UN from Chapter 4 of your Class 12 Political Science NCERT textbook.

Jurisdiction of the UN

The issue of UN membership is significant, but there are broader and equally contentious matters facing the international community. On the occasion of the UN’s 60th anniversary in September 2005, heads of member states convened to assess the organization’s relevance in a changing world. Several initiatives were proposed to enhance the UN’s effectiveness:

1. Creation of a Peacebuilding Commission: This commission would address conflicts worldwide, but determining which conflicts to intervene in and the feasibility and desirability of intervention in each case remain challenging questions.
2. Responsibility of the international community in case of government failures: There is a need to define the international community’s role when national governments fail to protect their citizens from atrocities.
3. Establishment of a Human Rights Council: Operational since June 19, 2006, this council aims to address human rights violations. However, questions arise regarding who determines the severity of violations and the appropriate response.
4. Agreements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): These goals focus on issues such as poverty, education, and healthcare. Achieving them poses challenges, particularly in developing countries.
5. Condemnation of terrorism: While there is a consensus on condemning terrorism, defining terrorism and agreeing on appropriate measures remain contentious.
6. Creation of a Democracy Fund: Funds allocated to promote democracy raise questions about how they should be utilized effectively.
7. Agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council: This decision reflects changes in global governance structures over time.

Addressing these issues requires navigating complex geopolitical dynamics and differing national interests. For instance, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) necessitates overcoming challenges posed by diverse socioeconomic contexts and achieving consensus on strategies for implementation. Similarly, promoting democracy involves balancing sovereignty concerns with the need for effective governance.

In summary, while the UN’s anniversary discussions highlighted various initiatives to address global challenges, the complexities involved underscore the need for continued dialogue, cooperation, and innovative solutions to foster sustainable development, protect human rights, and maintain peace and security worldwide.

Peacekeeping and Security

• The Security Council spearheads most peacekeeping initiatives.
• Peacekeeping forces intervene in regions afflicted by conflict.
• The UN mandates these missions to maintain ceasefires and protect civilians.
• The Department of Peace Operations manages these peacekeeping efforts.
• The success of missions varies based on member support and resources.

Human Rights Advocacy

• The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights leads this area.
• Human rights issues include freedom of speech, health, and education.
• The UN monitors and reports on human rights violations globally.
• Various treaties and conventions support human rights enforcement.
• Advocacy efforts are crucial in countries with severe human rights abuses.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

• The UN established the SDGs to address global challenges by 2030.
• These goals focus on poverty, education, and environmental sustainability.
• All member countries are encouraged to work towards these goals.
• The UN supports countries in implementing effective strategies for SDGs.
• Progress is monitored through regular reports and assessments.

Humanitarian Assistance

• The UN provides aid during natural disasters and conflicts.
• Coordination is handled by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
• Aid includes food, medical supplies, and emergency shelter.
• Funding comes from member states and private donors.
• The effectiveness of aid delivery often depends on political cooperation.

Environmental Protection

• The UN Environment Programme focuses on global environmental issues.
• Initiatives address climate change, ocean health, and biodiversity.
• The UN organizes global conferences to negotiate environmental treaties.
• Programs aim to educate and engage the public on environmental action.
• Collaboration with governments and NGOs is critical for success.

Legal Functions

• The International Court of Justice adjudicates disputes between states.
• The UN sets frameworks for international law, including maritime laws.
• Legal mechanisms help resolve issues without resorting to conflict.
• Treaties and conventions are developed and ratified through the UN.
• The rule of law is promoted globally by UN efforts.

Conclusion

The UN’s jurisdiction is vast and impacts many aspects of global governance. Effective functioning within this jurisdiction is vital for global stability. The scope of the UN’s work continues to evolve as new challenges arise. Member state cooperation is essential for the success of the UN’s mission.

Jurisdiction of the UN- FAQs

What are the main responsibilities of the United Nations?

The UN’s main responsibilities include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, providing humanitarian aid, and supporting environmental protection.

How does the UN carry out its peacekeeping missions?

The UN deploys peacekeeping forces to stabilize regions in conflict, monitor ceasefires, protect civilians, and assist in the political process with consent from the involved parties.

What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

The SDGs are a global agenda adopted by the UN in 2015, comprising 17 goals aimed at ending poverty, improving health and education, reducing inequality, and tackling climate change by 2030.

How does the United Nations support human rights?

The UN supports human rights through advocacy, monitoring violations, reporting, and helping draft and enforce various international treaties and conventions.

What role does the UN play in environmental protection?

The UN organizes global summits, develops treaties, and initiates programs to combat environmental issues like climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss through its Environment Programme.

What is the function of the International Court of Justice?

The International Court of Justice, located in The Hague, Netherlands, settles legal disputes between states according to international law and gives advisory opinions on legal questions referred by authorized UN organs and agencies.

How does the UN manage humanitarian assistance?

The UN coordinates international humanitarian relief operations during emergencies and disasters through its Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, ensuring aid delivery such as food, medical care, and shelter.