Citizen and Nation Class 11 Political Science Notes

A nation is not the same as a country. A nation is defined by its borders, governing bodies, and population. A nation is characterized by its culture and history; it gives its citizens an identity that allows them to be recognized as distinct from citizens of other nations. Indian, Chinese, Portuguese, and American, for instance. Therefore, the State grants these people rights so they can enjoy themselves; nevertheless, the rights granted by various states vary.

We will study every important aspect of this citizen and country in this article.

Citizen and Nation Class 11 Political Science Notes

Concept of Nation-State

• The French Revolutionaries made one of the first claims about the nation’s sovereignty and people’s democratic rights in 1789.
• Nation states contend that their borders define not only a region but also a unique culture and common history.
• Flags, national anthems, national languages, and other symbols can all be used to convey a sense of national identity.

National Identity

• In a democratic state, the purpose of the national identity is to give its citizens a shared political identity.
• Fewer citizens find it simpler to identify with the state than others because most countries define identity in this way.
• Additionally, it might make it simpler for the state to grant some persons citizenship while denying others
• For certain populations, assimilating into the national culture is simpler. For instance, France is a nation that prides itself on being inclusive and secular.
• Individuals maintain their private lives with their own ideas and customs. Determining what is public and private, respectively, is not easy.

Criteria for Granting Citizenship

• In countries like Israel, or Germany, factors like religion, or ethnic origin, could also be given priority when granting citizenship.

Background – India Scenario:

• National Movement: There were concerted efforts to bring people from many areas, cultures, and religions together during the wide-ranging independence movement.
• Grant each group full and equal citizenship: Some isolated villages in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands that had little touch with contemporary society, the SC and ST, a large number of women who had not previously had equal rights, etc.

Citizenship in India:

Lets discuss all the articles that fall under the consitution regarding the following subject :

Number of the article	Name of the article	Description
Article 5:	Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution	This page discusses citizenship for those who were alive on January 26, 1950, the day the Constitution went into effect. Citizenship is granted to individuals who meet certain requirements, such as (1) having their permanent residence in India, (2)being born in the country, having at least one parent born there, (3) or having lived in India regularly for at least five years prior to the Independence.
Article 6:	Citizenship of certain persons who have migrated from Pakistan	When the Government of India Act of 1935 came into effect, any person who had immigrated from Pakistan would have been considered an Indian citizen at that time if they had: (a) been a regular resident of India since their migration before July 19, 1948, had been born in India, according to the Government of India Act of 1935, or (b) if someone moved to India after July 19, 1948, and they were registered as Indian citizens by an officer designated by the government of the Dominion of India in that regard after they applied to the officer prior to the Constitution’s enactment; however, no one can be registered in this manner unless they have lived in India for the six months prior to the application date.
Article 7:	Citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan	The rights of those who left India for Pakistan after March 1, 1947, and then came back are covered in this article.
Article 8:	Citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India	The rights of persons of Indian descent living abroad with regard to work, marriage, and education are covered in this article.
Article 9:	Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.	Any individual who is deemed an Indian citizen by virtue of any of the provisions of this Part will remain so and be bound by any laws passed by Parliament.
Article 11:	Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law	Any provision pertaining to the acquisition and loss of citizenship, as well as any other citizenship-related issue, may be made by the Parliament.

Citizenship of India constitutional provisions:

• The Indian Constitution’s Articles 5 through 11 (Part II) govern citizenship.
• The law pertaining to citizenship is the Citizenship Act of 1955. The 1986 Citizenship (Amendment) Act, the 1992 Citizenship (Amendment) Act, the 2003 Citizenship (Amendment) Act, and the 2005 Citizenship (Amendment) Act have all altered this.
• In India, nationality is primarily based on jus sanguinis, or citizenship by blood, rather than jus soli, or citizenship by birth within the territory.

Citizenship Act, 1955

• Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution
• Citizenship by birth
• Citizenship by descent
• Citizenship by registration
• Citizenship by naturalization
• By incorporation of territory (by the Government of India)

(a) Individuals who were residents of India on November 26, 1949, automatically became citizens of India at the time the Constitution was drafted.

(b) Indian citizens are those who were born in India on or after January 26, 1950, but before July 1, 1987.

(c) If either parent was an Indian citizen at the time of the birth, the person born after July 1, 1987, is considered an Indian citizen.

(d) If one parent is an Indian citizen and the other is not an illegal immigrant at the time of birth, then a person born after December 3, 2004, is considered an Indian citizen.

(e) Children of enemy aliens and foreign diplomats are not eligible for citizenship by birth.

Universal Citizenship

Assumption: Everyone who regularly resides and works in a state should be eligible for full membership, as should anyone who applies for citizenship.

Visitors, both wanted and unwanted: Every state establishes requirements for granting citizenship. Usually, the individual nations’ constitutions and statutes would provide these specifics.

Problem of stateless people or refugees:

• States’ borders are still being redrawn as a result of political unrest or warfare. People can be compelled to relocate to new states after losing their homes, security, and political identities.
• If no state is prepared to accept them as is and they are unable to go back home. Without a doubt, they are treated as illegal immigrants or forced to live in camps.
• To help them, the United Nations has designated a High Commissioner (diplomat) for Refugees.

Difficulties with Refugee Policy:

• For many states, it presents a challenging political and humanitarian issue.
• It’s possible that many nations would prefer not to take in an excessive amount of refugees or jeopardize national security.
• India is renowned for offering protection to oppressed populations. Just as it did in 1959 with the Dalai Lama and his adherents. Comparatively speaking, very few of them end up becoming citizens.
• These issues cast doubt on democratic citizenship’s promise that everyone in the modern world would have access to citizens’ rights and identities.

Global Citizenship:

• Globalization and Tele-Communication: Emerging channels of communication, like the internet, television, and mobile phones, have significantly altered our perception of the globe.
• Acquired empathy and common concerns: With the advent of new communication channels, we can now stay up to date on global trends instantly.

Advocates of global citizenship

(a)Strive to become a global citizen:

Even though there isn’t yet a global society or universal community, people already feel connected to one another across national borders.

(b)State failure in a particular area:

It may make it easier to affect issues that cross national boundaries and require cooperative action by the people and governments of many states. The concept of national citizenship assumes that our state can provide us with the protection and rights, but states today are faced with many problems that they cannot tackle alone.

(c)Supporting states:

Socioeconomic disparities and other issues that may arise inside a society could jeopardize equal citizenship within that nation; however, these issues could be resolved by the governments and other members of that particular society.

Citizenship, Equality and Rights

• The British sociologist T. H. Marshall (1893–1981) offered a generally acknowledged explanation of this link in his book Citizenship and Social Class (1950).
• “Equality” is the central idea in Marshall’s theory of citizenship. This suggests two things:
• The specified rights and obligations are of higher quality.
• The number of people who receive them increases
• According to Marshall, citizenship entails three different kinds of rights: social, political, and civil
• Civil rights safeguard a person’s life, liberty, and possessions.
• A person’s political rights allow them to take part in the governing process.
• Social rights only grant each person access to work and education.

Conclusion

It is a common misconception that everyone who ordinarily resides and works in a state, as well as those who petition for citizenship, should have access to full citizenship. Even while many jurisdictions may embrace the idea of inclusive and universal citizenship, each one sets its own requirements for citizenship. These would normally be protected by the nation’s laws and Constitution.

Citizen and Nation Class 11 Polity Notes- FAQs

What is citizen and nation?

Citizenship refers to an individual’s lawful status as a legitimate individual from a sovereign state or as an individual from a country. The idea of citizenship is tended to in Articles 5-11 of the Indian Constitution. Citizenship refers to an individual’s full membership in any state where the person has common and political privileges.

What is full and equal membership?

Fundamental Privileges and Assurance: In straightforward words, full and equivalent enrollment implies every single resident of the State ought to be allowed essential freedoms alongside proper components to guarantee its security.

What are the 4 types of citizenship in India?

Indian citizenship can be attained by birth, descent, registration and naturalization.

Is citizenship a full and equal number?

Citizenship has been defined as full and equal membership of a political community of the state or the country.

Who is known as father of our Constitution?

Dr.Bhimrao Ambedkar is the Father of Indian Constituion.

What is the CAA rule in India?

With the CAA rules being given, the Modi Government will currently begin accepting Indian identity to non-Muslim travelers from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan who came to India till December 31, 2014. These incorporate Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis and Christians.

What is the full form of Pio?

A Person of Indian Origin(PIO) implies a foreign citizen (with the exception of a public of. Pakistan, Afghanistan Bangladesh, China, Iran, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal) who whenever held an Indian visa.