CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Political Science Set 2 with Solutions

CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) Sample Papers for Class 11 Political Science Set 2 with Solutions are a valuable resource for students preparing for their Class 11 Political Science examinations. These sample papers provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the exam pattern, question types, and important topics. They also offer an opportunity for self-assessment and practice.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 11 Political Science Set 2 with Solutions

Time : 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 80

1. Match the following: [1]

List	Subjects
A. Original Jurisdiction	(i) It refers to the authority of a higher court to hear appeals from lower courts and to review their decisions.
B. Writ Jurisdiction	(ii) It refers to the authority of a court to provide opinion on legal questions referred to it by the President or the Governor.
C. Appellate Jurisdiction	(iii) It refers to the authority of a court to hear a case for the first time.
D. Advisory Jurisdiction	(iv) It refers to the authority of a higher court to correct actions of lower courts or authorities.

(a) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv
(b) A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-iv
(c) A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
(d) A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv

Option (c) is correct.

2. How do rights constrain state actions? [1]

(a) By limiting the state’s authority over individuals
(b) By restricting the stat&s involvement in education
(c) By ensuring the stat&s financial independence
(d) By reducing the state’s obligations to the people

Option (a) is correct.

3. The political philosophy of the Indian Constitution can be described as: [1]

(a) Authoritarian and centralised
(b) Liberal, democratic, egalitarian, secular, and federal
(c) Conservative and traditionalist
(d) Socialist and communist

Option (b) is correct.

4. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). [1]

Choose the appropriate option as answer:
Assertion: The liberalism of the Indian Constitution differs from classical Western liberalism.
Reason: It links liberalism to social justice, recognizing the importance of protecting the interests of marginalised groups through measures like reservations
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is incorrect, but (R) is correct.
(d) (A) is correct, but (R) is incorrect.

Option (a) is correct.

5. According to the concept of natural rights, why are these rights considered inalienable? [1]

(a) Because rulers grant them to the people
(b) Because they are derived from property rights
(c) Because they are given by the law of nature and cannot be taken away
(d) Because society collectively decides on them.

Option (C) is correct.

6. How does knowledge of political ideas and institutions benefit citizens? [1]

(a) It empowers them to become experts in political science
(b) It allows them to express their opinions about politics more confidently
(c) It enables them to participate in public discussions and decision-making responsibly
(d) it helps them become famous politicians and bureaucrats.

Option (C) is correct.

7 ……………………. are the three natural rights of man identified by political theorists in the 17th and 18th centuries. [1]

(a) The right to education, freedom of speech. and privacy
(b) The right to life, liberty, and property
(c) The right to equality, justice, and healthcare
(d) The right to vote, assembly, and religion

Option (b) is correct.

8. In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the appropriate option as answer: [1]

Assertion: Unlike in mathematics where there can be one definition of a triangle or square, we encounter many definitions of equality or freedom, or justice.
Reason: This is because terms like equality concern our relationships with other human beings rather than with things.
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct, but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) The Assertion is incorrect, but the Reason is correct.
(d) The Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect.

Option (a) is correct.

9. Why did the Constitution makers establish a difficult procedure for the removal of judges? [1]

(a) To prevent judges from facing any consequences for misconduct
(b) To ensure that judges could function without fear of removal
(c) To discourage anyone from attempting to remove judges
(d) To make the process of judicial appointments more challenging.

Option (b) is correct.

10. What must the rulers remember in a democratic state? [1]

(a) To priorities their own interests over individual rights
(b) To be accountable for their actions and pursue the well-being of the people
(c) To enforce laws with force and authority
(d) To rely on international organisations for governance

Option (b) is correct.

11. What do political rights in a democracy provide to citizens? [1]

(a) Right to participate in the political process
(b) Right to a free and fair trial
(c) Right to receive medical facilities from the state
(d) Right to establish institutions for teaching onets language and culture.

Option (a) is correct.

12.……………………… ensure that the authority of the state is exercised without violating the sanctity of individual life and liberty.

(a) Rights
(b) Duties
(c) Directive Principles of State Policy
(d) Citizenship

Option (a) is correct.

Section-B

13. Is Indian Constitution rigid or flexible? [2]

The Indian Constitution is often described as both rigid and flexible. It contains elements of both characteristics, making it unique in its design.

1. Rigidity:
   • The Indian Constitution is considered rigid due to the elaborate and complex amendment procedure outlined in Article 368. Amendments to certain core provisions of the Constitution, such as fundamental rights, federal structure, and the basic structure of the Constitution as interpreted by the Supreme Court, require a special majority in both houses of Parliament as well as ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.
   • Additionally, certain provisions of the Constitution, known as “entrenched clauses,” cannot be amended through the regular amendment process but require specific procedures outlined in the Constitution.
2. Flexibility:
   • Despite its rigid amendment procedure, the Indian Constitution is also flexible in several aspects. It provides for amendments to be made through a relatively straightforward process for less critical provisions, allowing for timely updates and adjustments to meet the changing needs of society.
   • The Constitution incorporates a broad and adaptable framework that accommodates changing circumstances and societal dynamics. It includes Directive Principles of State Policy, which provide guidance to the government on social, economic, and political matters without being legally enforceable, allowing for flexibility in policy implementation.
   • The Constitution also empowers the judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, with the authority to interpret and adapt its provisions to contemporary circumstances through judicial review. This judicial activism has contributed to the evolution of constitutional law and the expansion of individual rights and freedoms.

Overall, while the Indian Constitution exhibits features of both rigidity and flexibility, its ability to strike a balance between the two has contributed to its endurance and relevance over time.

14. Write a short note on historical background of rights. [2]

The historical background of rights traces back to ancient civilizations and has evolved over millennia through various cultural, philosophical, and legal developments. In ancient societies, rights were often associated with the privileges of ruling elites or specific social classes, rather than universally recognized principles. However, significant milestones in the historical development of rights include:

1. Ancient Civilizations: Ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome laid the groundwork for early concepts of rights through the establishment of legal codes, such as the Code of Hammurabi and the Twelve Tables. These codes provided guidelines for governance and justice, although rights were often restricted to certain segments of society, such as free citizens.
2. Medieval Europe: The Magna Carta, signed in 1215 in England, is regarded as a foundational document in the history of rights. It established principles of limited government and the rule of law, asserting that the king was subject to the law and could not act arbitrarily against the rights and privileges of nobles.
3. Enlightenment: The Enlightenment period of the 17th and 18th centuries saw the emergence of philosophical movements advocating for individual rights and liberties. Thinkers such as John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu articulated theories of natural rights, social contract, and the separation of powers, influencing the development of modern concepts of rights and democracy.
4. American and French Revolutions: The American Declaration of Independence (1776) and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) proclaimed fundamental rights and freedoms, including the rights to liberty, equality, and property. These documents were instrumental in inspiring movements for independence, democracy, and human rights around the world.
5. Modern Human Rights: The 20th century witnessed significant advancements in the recognition and protection of human rights on a global scale. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) established a comprehensive framework of rights applicable to all individuals, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, or social status. Subsequent international treaties and conventions further expanded and codified human rights norms, shaping contemporary discourse on rights and freedoms.

Overall, the historical background of rights reflects a gradual evolution from ancient codes and privileges to modern conceptions of universal human rights grounded in principles of dignity, equality, and justice.

15. What is the system of elections? [2]

The system of elections refers to the process by which individuals are chosen to hold public office through voting. It encompasses various aspects, including electoral systems, voting methods, voter registration, campaign regulations, and the administration of elections. Key components of the system of elections include:

1. Electoral Systems: Electoral systems determine how votes are translated into seats in representative bodies such as legislatures. Common electoral systems include first-past-the-post, proportional representation, mixed-member proportional, single transferable vote, and ranked-choice voting. Each system has different methods for allocating seats based on voter preferences.
2. Voting Methods: Voting methods dictate how voters cast their ballots and express their preferences. This can include paper ballots, electronic voting machines, mail-in voting, absentee voting, and early voting. The method of counting votes and resolving disputes may also vary depending on the electoral system and local regulations.
3. Voter Registration: Voter registration processes ensure that eligible individuals are enrolled to vote in elections. This typically involves registering with electoral authorities by providing identification and proof of residency. Voter registration deadlines, requirements, and procedures may vary by jurisdiction.
4. Campaign Regulations: Campaign regulations govern the conduct of candidates, political parties, and interest groups during election campaigns. These regulations may include rules on campaign financing, advertising, debates, and public appearances. The goal is to ensure fair competition, prevent corruption, and protect the integrity of the electoral process.
5. Election Administration: Election administration involves the organization and oversight of elections by independent electoral authorities or government agencies. This includes tasks such as voter education, ballot design, polling station management, vote counting, and certification of election results. Election administrators work to ensure that elections are conducted transparently, securely, and in accordance with legal requirements.

Overall, the system of elections plays a crucial role in democratic governance by providing a mechanism for citizens to choose their representatives and participate in the political process. A well-functioning electoral system promotes fairness, transparency, and accountability in government, contributing to the legitimacy of democratic institutions.

16. What do you mean by equality before law? [2]

Equality before the law is a fundamental principle of justice and governance that ensures that all individuals, regardless of their social, economic, or political status, are subject to the same legal rights, protections, and obligations. It emphasizes that everyone should be treated equally under the law, without discrimination or favoritism.

Key aspects of equality before the law include:

1. Legal Protections: Equality before the law means that all individuals, whether rich or poor, powerful or marginalized, have the same legal rights and protections. This includes the right to due process, fair trial, legal representation, and access to justice.
2. Non-Discrimination: The principle of equality before the law prohibits discrimination based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status. It ensures that laws and legal procedures are applied impartially and without prejudice.
3. Equal Treatment: Equality before the law requires that individuals be treated equally in the eyes of the law, regardless of their personal attributes or affiliations. It means that no one is above the law and that everyone is accountable for their actions under the same legal standards.
4. Access to Justice: Equality before the law entails equal access to the legal system and remedies for grievances. It ensures that all individuals have the opportunity to seek redress for injustices, enforce their rights, and seek protection from violations of the law.

In summary, equality before the law is a fundamental principle of justice and democracy that underscores the idea that all individuals are equal in the eyes of the law and are entitled to the same legal rights, protections, and opportunities, regardless of their background or status.

17. What are the required qualifications for a person to be a Member of Legislative Assembly? [2]

The qualifications required for a person to be eligible to become a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) vary from country to country and may also differ within different states or regions within a country. However, here are some common qualifications typically required for an individual to become an MLA:

1. Citizenship: The candidate must be a citizen of the country or the region for which they are seeking election as an MLA. In some cases, there may be additional residency requirements, such as being a resident of the constituency or electoral district for a specified period.
2. Minimum Age: There is usually a minimum age requirement to be eligible to contest elections as an MLA. This age requirement may vary but typically falls within the range of 25 to 30 years old, depending on the specific laws and regulations of the country or region.
3. Voter Registration: The candidate must be registered as a voter in the electoral constituency or district for which they are contesting the election. This ensures that the candidate has a stake in the local community and is eligible to represent the interests of the constituents.
4. Disqualifications: Certain disqualifications may apply, such as being declared bankrupt, holding an office of profit under the government, being of unsound mind, or being disqualified by law or court order. These disqualifications aim to ensure the integrity and impartiality of elected representatives.
5. Nomination Process: Candidates typically need to file nomination papers and fulfill other procedural requirements specified by election authorities, such as paying a deposit, submitting affidavits declaring assets and liabilities, and meeting deadlines for filing nomination papers.

18.State some characteristics of Politics. [2]

Politics is a multifaceted and dynamic field that encompasses various characteristics and dimensions. Some key characteristics of politics include:

1. Power: Politics revolves around the distribution, exercise, and contestation of power. It involves individuals, groups, and institutions vying for influence, authority, and control over resources, decisions, and outcomes within society.
2. Conflict and Competition: Politics is characterized by conflict and competition among different actors with divergent interests, goals, and ideologies. This can manifest in electoral contests, policy debates, social movements, and struggles for dominance within political institutions.
3. Decision-Making: Politics involves the process of decision-making, where choices are made regarding public policies, laws, regulations, and governance structures. Decision-making in politics often involves negotiation, compromise, and consensus-building among stakeholders with competing interests.
4. Ideology and Values: Politics is shaped by ideological beliefs, values, and principles that guide individuals and groups in their actions and policies. Ideological differences can lead to polarization and debates over the role of government, social justice, economic policies, and cultural norms.

Section-C

19. Do you think studying political theory is like studying mathematics? Give reason. [4]

Studying political theory shares some similarities with studying mathematics, but there are also significant differences between the two disciplines. Here are some reasons why studying political theory can be likened to studying mathematics:

1. Abstract Concepts and Theories: Both political theory and mathematics deal with abstract concepts and theories. In political theory, students analyze and discuss abstract concepts such as justice, liberty, democracy, sovereignty, and rights. Similarly, in mathematics, students work with abstract concepts such as numbers, variables, functions, and geometric shapes.
2. Logical Reasoning: Both disciplines require logical reasoning and analytical thinking. In political theory, students analyze arguments, evaluate evidence, and construct reasoned explanations for political phenomena and theories. Similarly, in mathematics, students apply logical reasoning to solve problems, prove theorems, and derive conclusions based on mathematical principles and rules.
3. Formal Methods and Models: Political theory and mathematics both use formal methods and models to represent complex ideas and relationships. In political theory, students may use conceptual frameworks, models of political behavior, and game theory to understand and analyze political phenomena. Similarly, in mathematics, students use mathematical models, equations, and algorithms to describe and predict patterns, relationships, and phenomena.
4. Precision and Clarity: Both disciplines value precision and clarity in language and expression. In political theory, students are expected to articulate their ideas clearly and precisely, using well-defined terms and logical arguments. Similarly, in mathematics, students strive for precision and clarity in their mathematical proofs, explanations, and solutions.

20.What was the erstwhile Fundamental Right to Property and Work? [4]

The erstwhile Fundamental Right to Property and Work refers to the provisions related to property rights and the right to work that were originally included in the Constitution of India but were subsequently amended and redefined over time. Here’s a brief overview:

1. Fundamental Right to Property:
   • The original Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, included the right to property as a Fundamental Right under Article 19(1)(f). This provision guaranteed citizens the right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property, subject to reasonable restrictions imposed by the state for the protection of the public interest.
   • However, the right to property was subsequently amended by the 44th Amendment Act of 1978, which removed it from the list of Fundamental Rights and reclassified it as a legal right under Article 300-A. This amendment was made in response to concerns about the misuse of property rights and the need for land reforms to promote social justice and equitable distribution of resources.
2. Fundamental Right to Work:
   • The original Constitution of India did not explicitly include the right to work as a Fundamental Right. However, the Directive Principles of State Policy, enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution, include provisions related to the right to work and employment opportunities.
   • Article 41 of the Constitution directs the state to ensure the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disability. While not legally enforceable like Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles serve as guiding principles for state policy and legislation.
   • Subsequently, the government has enacted various laws and programs aimed at promoting employment generation, labor rights, and social welfare, including the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and other schemes for poverty alleviation and rural development.

In summary, the erstwhile Fundamental Right to Property was originally included in the Constitution but was later amended and reclassified as a legal right, while the Fundamental Right to Work is implicit in the Directive Principles of State Policy, which guide the state in ensuring employment opportunities and social welfare for citizens.

21.Is the executive leadership dominant in India? [4]

The dominance of executive leadership in India is a complex and nuanced issue that depends on various factors, including the political system, the distribution of power among branches of government, and the nature of political culture and governance practices. Here’s a brief analysis of the dominance of executive leadership in India:

1. Parliamentary System: India operates under a parliamentary system of government, where the executive branch (the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister) is accountable to the legislature (Parliament). In this system, the executive leadership, particularly the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, wields significant power and influence, as they are responsible for formulating and implementing government policies and decisions.
2. Strong Executive Powers: The Indian Prime Minister, as the head of government, possesses considerable executive powers, including the authority to appoint and dismiss ministers, chair Cabinet meetings, set the policy agenda, and represent the country in international affairs. The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) plays a central role in coordinating government activities and exercising control over administrative matters.
3. Majority Rule: In India’s multi-party system, political parties that secure a majority or plurality of seats in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament) often form the government and enjoy significant control over legislative proceedings and policy-making. This gives the ruling party or coalition considerable leverage in shaping the legislative agenda and enacting laws.
4. Weak Legislative Oversight: While Parliament serves as a forum for debate, scrutiny, and accountability, its effectiveness in exercising oversight over the executive branch has been questioned. Factors such as party discipline, lack of resources and expertise, and disruptions in parliamentary proceedings have sometimes hindered the legislature’s ability to hold the executive leadership accountable for its actions and decisions.

OR

List the situations in which President’s rule can be promulgated in a state. What is the position of the governor in such a situation? [4]

President’s rule, also known as Governor’s rule, can be promulgated in a state of India under specific circumstances outlined in Article 356 of the Indian Constitution. Here are the situations in which President’s rule can be imposed in a state:

1. Failure of Constitutional Machinery: If the President receives a report from the Governor of the state or otherwise ascertains that the state’s governance cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution, usually due to political instability, breakdown of law and order, or inability to form a government after elections.
2. Internal Disturbance: If the Governor submits a report to the President stating that the state’s law and order situation or other conditions threaten the peace and stability of the state, and the state government is unable or unwilling to take effective action to address the situation.
3. Recommendation of Governor: If the Governor of the state recommends the imposition of President’s rule in the state, either in writing or orally, to the President on the grounds of failure of constitutional machinery or the breakdown of law and order.
4. Emergency Situations: During a proclamation of Emergency under Article 352 due to war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, if the President deems it necessary to impose President’s rule in a state for ensuring compliance with the laws and maintenance of peace and security.

When President’s rule is imposed in a state, the position of the Governor undergoes a significant change:

1. Dismissal of State Government: The elected state government is temporarily dismissed, and the Governor assumes direct control over the state’s administration on behalf of the President.
2. Executive Authority: The Governor exercises executive powers on behalf of the President, and all decisions related to the state government are taken by or on the advice of the Governor.
3. State Legislature: The state legislature may be either dissolved or suspended, and the Governor may either assume the powers of the legislature or delegate them to other bodies, depending on the situation.
4. Duration and Oversight: President’s rule can initially be imposed for up to six months, and it can be extended for additional periods with parliamentary approval. During this period, the central government closely monitors the state’s administration and may appoint advisors or administrators to assist the Governor in governance.

In summary, President’s rule can be imposed in a state under specific circumstances outlined in the Constitution, and during this period, the Governor assumes a pivotal role in the administration of the state on behalf of the President.

22. State the main features of the concept of equality. [4]

The concept of equality encompasses a range of principles and ideals aimed at ensuring fairness, justice, and equal opportunities for all individuals within society. Here are the main features of the concept of equality:

1. Equal Treatment: Equality entails treating all individuals with fairness, dignity, and respect, regardless of their characteristics, background, or circumstances. It prohibits discrimination and bias based on factors such as race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or socioeconomic status.
2. Equal Rights and Opportunities: Equality emphasizes the equal enjoyment of rights, freedoms, and opportunities for all members of society. It entails ensuring that individuals have equal access to education, employment, healthcare, housing, and other essential services, regardless of their personal attributes or circumstances.
3. Non-Discrimination: Equality requires the elimination of discriminatory barriers and practices that hinder individuals from fully participating in society and realizing their potential. It promotes the creation of inclusive environments and policies that promote diversity, tolerance, and social cohesion.
4. Equal Justice and Rule of Law: Equality under the law ensures that all individuals are subject to the same legal rights, protections, and obligations, without discrimination or favoritism. It entails ensuring equal access to justice, due process, and legal remedies for all members of society, regardless of their status or influence.
5. Equitable Distribution of Resources: Equality involves promoting equitable distribution of resources, wealth, and opportunities to reduce disparities and inequalities within society. It entails addressing structural inequalities and systemic barriers that perpetuate social, economic, and political disparities among different groups.
6. Affirmative Action and Social Justice: Equality may also involve affirmative action measures and social justice initiatives aimed at addressing historical injustices, systemic discrimination, and socio-economic disparities. These measures seek to empower marginalized and disadvantaged groups and promote their full participation and inclusion in society.

OR

State two positive and two negative aspects of equality? [4]

Positive Aspects:

1. Social Cohesion and Inclusion: Equality fosters a sense of social cohesion and inclusion by ensuring that all individuals have equal rights, opportunities, and access to resources. It promotes a more cohesive and harmonious society where everyone feels valued and respected, regardless of their background or circumstances.
2. Economic Growth and Development: Equality can contribute to economic growth and development by reducing social inequalities and disparities. When individuals have equal access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, they can contribute more effectively to economic productivity and innovation, leading to overall prosperity and well-being.

Negative Aspects:

1. Uniformity and Lack of Individuality: In pursuit of equality, there may be a tendency towards uniformity and the suppression of individuality. Striving for equal outcomes or imposing strict equality measures can stifle creativity, innovation, and personal expression, leading to a loss of diversity and cultural richness within society.
2. Potential for Mediocrity and Inefficiency: In some cases, efforts to achieve equality may result in mediocrity and inefficiency, as resources are distributed evenly without regard for merit or performance. This can lead to a lack of incentives for excellence and innovation, ultimately hindering progress and growth in certain sectors of society.

Overall, while equality is generally considered a positive and desirable principle for promoting fairness and justice, it is important to recognize and address the potential negative consequences and trade-offs associated with its implementation. Striking a balance between equality and other competing values such as individual freedom, diversity, and efficiency is essential for building a more inclusive and sustainable society.

23. State the main elements of nationalism. [4]

Nationalism encompasses a complex set of beliefs, sentiments, and practices centered around the idea of a shared national identity, community, and sovereignty. The main elements of nationalism include:

1. Common Identity and Culture: Nationalism emphasizes the importance of a shared identity, culture, history, language, and symbols that unite members of a nation-state or ethnic group. It fosters a sense of belonging and solidarity among individuals who identify with the nation and its collective heritage.
2. National Unity and Solidarity: Nationalism promotes the idea of national unity and solidarity, encouraging citizens to prioritize the interests of the nation above individual or group interests. It seeks to overcome internal divisions and conflicts by emphasizing the common bonds and values that unite the nation.
3. Territorial Sovereignty and Autonomy: Nationalism asserts the right of nations to govern themselves and exercise sovereignty over their territory without external interference. It advocates for the preservation of national independence, autonomy, and territorial integrity against external threats or encroachments.
4. Patriotism and Loyalty: Nationalism instills feelings of patriotism, loyalty, and allegiance to the nation-state or homeland. It encourages citizens to demonstrate loyalty to the nation through civic participation, civic duties, and defense of national interests and values.

Section-D

24. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follows:

A day in the left urban Indian middle class without immigrant workers.
(i) What is the significance of the cartoon? [2]
(ii) What are the various tasks being performed in the cartoon? [2]

(i) The significance of the cartoon appears to highlight the reliance of the urban Indian middle class on immigrant workers for various tasks and services in their daily lives. It may also underscore the potential disruption and challenges that could arise in the absence of immigrant workers.

(ii) Various tasks being performed in the cartoon could include household chores such as cooking, cleaning, childcare, gardening, and maintenance work. These tasks are typically outsourced or performed by immigrant workers, but in their absence, the urban Indian middle class is depicted as struggling to manage these responsibilities on their own.

25. In the given outline political map of India, four states have been marked as (A), (B), (C) and (D). Identify the States having a bicameral legislature write their correct names in your answer book along with the respective serial numbers of the information used and the concerned alphabets as per the format that follows: [4]

Alphabet Concerned	Name of the State
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Answer:

Alphabet Concerned	Name of the State
(i) A	Andhra Pradesh
(ii) B	Karnataka
(iii) C	Bihar
(iv) D	Maharashtra

26. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:

In 1978, the Constitution of Sri Lanka was amended and the system of Executive Presidency was introduced. Under the system of Executive Presidency, people directly elect the President. It may happen that both the President and Prime Minister belong to the same political party or to different political parties. The President has vast powers under the Constitution. The President chooses the Prime Minister from the party that has a majority in the Parliament etc. Though ministers must be members of the Parliament, the President has the power to remove the Prime Minister or ministers.

Apart from being the elected Head of State and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the President is also the Head of the Government. Elected for a term of six years, the President cannot be removed except by a resolution in the Parliament passed by at least two-thirds of the total number of Members of Parliament. If it is passed by not less than one-half of the total number of Members of Parliament and the Speaker is satisfied that such allegations merit inquiry, then the speaker can report the matter to the Supreme Court.
(i) When was the Executive Presidency introduced in Sri Lanka? [1]
(a) 1968
(b) 1978
(c) 1988
(d) 1998

Option (b) is correct.

ii) How is the Prime Minister elected in the Executive Presidency? [1]
(a) President chooses the Prime Minister from the party with majority in Parliament.
(b) People choose the Prime Minister.
(c) Set of ministers chooses the Prime Minister.
(d) None of the above

Option (a) is correct.

iii) In the Executive Presidency President, is also known a [1]
(a) Head of the State Legislative Council
(b) Head of the judiciary
(c) Head of the Government
(d) Head of the Opposition

Option (c) is correct.

(iv) Under the system of Executive Presidency, people directly elect the ………………… . [1]
(a) President
(b) Defence Minster
(c) Chief Minister
(d) None of them

Option (a) is correct.

Section-E

27. State whether the following inferences about the making of the Indian Constitution are Correct or Incorrect. Give reasons to support your answer.

(i) The Constituent Assembly did not represent the Indian people since it was not elected by all citizens.
(ii) Constitution-making did not involve any major decision since there was a general consensus among the leaders at that time about its basic framework.
(iii) There was little originality in the Constitution, for much of it was borrowed from other countries.
OR
Several reports show that caste groups previously associated with scavenging are forced to continue in this job. Those in positions of authority refuse to give them any other job. Their children are discouraged from pursuing education. Which of their Fundamental Rights are being violated in this instance? [6]

(i) Incorrect: The inference that the Constituent Assembly did not represent the Indian people because it was not elected by all citizens is incorrect. The Constituent Assembly was formed through indirect elections, with members elected by the provincial legislatures, and representatives of princely states were nominated by their rulers. While it may not have been a directly elected body, it was composed of representatives from diverse regions, communities, and political ideologies, who were entrusted with the task of drafting the Constitution on behalf of the Indian people.

(ii) Incorrect: The inference that Constitution-making did not involve any major decision since there was a general consensus among the leaders at that time about its basic framework is incorrect. The process of Constitution-making involved numerous major decisions and debates among the members of the Constituent Assembly. There were significant disagreements and divergent opinions on various issues such as federalism, the nature of the executive, language policy, minority rights, and fundamental rights. While there was a commitment to certain basic principles such as democracy, secularism, and social justice, achieving consensus on the specific provisions of the Constitution required intense deliberations and compromises.

(iii) Incorrect: The inference that there was little originality in the Constitution because much of it was borrowed from other countries is incorrect. While the framers of the Indian Constitution drew inspiration from various sources, including the constitutions of other countries, the Indian Constitution is a unique document that reflects the historical, cultural, and socio-political context of India. It incorporates indigenous features such as the fundamental rights and directive principles, as well as innovative provisions tailored to address the specific challenges and aspirations of the Indian society.

In summary, while there may be elements of truth in each inference, they oversimplify the complexity of the Constitution-making process and the unique features of the Indian Constitution.

OR

In the instance described, the fundamental rights of the individuals associated with scavenging are being violated. Specifically, the following fundamental rights are being infringed upon:

1. Right to Equality (Article 14): The individuals are being discriminated against based on their caste, as they are being denied opportunities for alternative employment solely because of their social status.
2. Right to Freedom (Article 19): The individuals are being denied the freedom to pursue education and choose alternative occupations, as they are being discouraged and prevented from seeking opportunities outside of scavenging.
3. Right against Exploitation (Article 23): The individuals are being forced to continue in the job of scavenging, which involves manual scavenging, an act of exploitation and degradation, and violates their dignity.

These violations highlight the systemic discrimination and social injustice faced by individuals from marginalized caste groups and underscore the need for effective measures to address caste-based discrimination and ensure the protection of fundamental rights for all citizens.

28. Analyse the statement, “Political Liberty cannot be imagined without economic liberty”. [6]

The statement, “Political liberty cannot be imagined without economic liberty,” highlights the interdependence and interconnectedness between political and economic freedoms in a society. Analyzing this statement involves examining the relationship between political liberty, which pertains to civil and political rights, and economic liberty, which relates to economic rights and freedoms. Here are several points to consider in analyzing this statement:

1. Foundations of Liberty: Political liberty and economic liberty are considered essential components of individual liberty and human rights. Political liberty encompasses freedoms such as freedom of speech, expression, assembly, association, and the right to participate in the political process through elections, while economic liberty includes rights such as the freedom to own property, engage in trade, pursue livelihoods, and enjoy the benefits of economic opportunities.
2. Mutual Reinforcement: Political and economic liberties are mutually reinforcing and complementary. Political liberties provide individuals with the ability to advocate for and protect their economic interests, while economic liberties empower individuals to participate effectively in political life and advocate for policies that promote their economic well-being. For example, without the freedom of expression and association, individuals may be unable to organize labor unions, advocate for fair wages, or protest against economic exploitation.
3. Access to Opportunities: Economic liberty plays a crucial role in facilitating access to opportunities and resources necessary for the exercise of political liberty. Socioeconomic disparities and inequalities can restrict individuals’ ability to participate meaningfully in the political process, as those facing economic hardships may be marginalized or disenfranchised. Conversely, political liberties can influence economic outcomes by shaping government policies, regulations, and institutions that affect economic opportunities, distribution of wealth, and social welfare.
4. Protection of Rights: Both political and economic liberties are essential for the protection of individual rights and freedoms. Without political liberties, individuals may be vulnerable to authoritarianism, oppression, and violations of their civil and political rights by the state or other actors. Similarly, without economic liberties, individuals may face economic exploitation, deprivation, and inequalities that limit their ability to enjoy their rights and freedoms fully.
5. Role of Governance: Effective governance requires the recognition and protection of both political and economic liberties. A democratic and just society ensures the rule of law, separation of powers, and respect for human rights, including both civil and economic rights. Policies and institutions that promote economic development, social justice, and inclusive growth are essential for upholding the principles of liberty and democracy.

In summary, the statement underscores the interdependence of political and economic liberties in fostering a free, just, and equitable society. Political liberty cannot be fully realized without economic liberty, and vice versa, as both are essential pillars of individual freedom, democracy, and human dignity.

OR

Briefly discuss the three principles of justice. Explain each with examples.

The three principles of justice are commonly associated with the philosopher John Rawls and are outlined in his seminal work “A Theory of Justice.” These principles provide a framework for understanding distributive justice in society. Here’s a brief discussion of each principle along with examples:

1. Principle of Equal Basic Liberties: This principle states that each person should have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for others. It emphasizes the importance of protecting fundamental freedoms such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of association, and the right to vote. These liberties are essential for individuals to pursue their own conception of the good life and to participate fully in society. For example, in a democratic society, all citizens should have equal rights to express their political views, practice their religion, and participate in public discourse without discrimination or repression.
2. Principle of Fair Equality of Opportunity: According to this principle, social and economic opportunities should be distributed in a manner that provides all individuals with a fair chance to compete for positions and offices based on their talents and abilities, regardless of their social background or circumstances of birth. It seeks to ensure that individuals have equal access to education, employment, and other opportunities necessary for personal and professional development. For example, policies such as affirmative action and educational scholarships aim to level the playing field by providing disadvantaged individuals with access to resources and opportunities that would otherwise be inaccessible due to social or economic barriers.
3. Difference Principle: The difference principle states that social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are both (a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. This principle acknowledges that some degree of inequality may be necessary to incentivize productive work and encourage innovation, but it also emphasizes the importance of ensuring that such inequalities benefit the least advantaged members of society. For example, progressive taxation and social welfare programs aim to redistribute wealth and resources from the wealthy to the disadvantaged, thereby reducing poverty and promoting social justice.

In summary, these three principles of justice provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the principles of fairness, equality, and distributive justice in society. They seek to balance individual freedoms with social and economic equality while ensuring that the least advantaged members of society are not left behind.

29. Write a detailed note on powers of President of India [6]

The President of India, as the head of state and the constitutional executive authority, holds several significant powers outlined in the Constitution of India. These powers can be broadly categorized into executive, legislative, judicial, and discretionary powers. Here’s a detailed note on the powers of the President of India:

1. Executive Powers: a. Appointment of Prime Minister and Council of Ministers: The President appoints the Prime Minister of India and other members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister. The President also has the power to dismiss the Council of Ministers if they lose the confidence of the Lok Sabha (House of the People). b. Nomination of Governors: The President appoints Governors of states, Union Territories, and administrators of Union Territories. These appointments are made upon the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. c. Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces: The President is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. As such, the President has the authority to declare war, make peace, and exercise supreme command over the defense forces. d. Executive Decisions: The President exercises executive powers such as promulgating ordinances when Parliament is not in session, granting pardons, reprieves, and respites, and exercising powers related to the appointment of high-ranking officials, ambassadors, and diplomats.
2. Legislative Powers: a. Summoning and Proroguing of Parliament: The President has the authority to summon and prorogue sessions of Parliament and to dissolve the Lok Sabha (House of the People) on the advice of the Council of Ministers. b. Addressing Parliament: The President addresses both Houses of Parliament at the beginning of each session and presents the government’s policies and legislative agenda. c. Assent to Bills: The President has the power to give assent to bills passed by Parliament, which are then enacted into law. However, the President can also withhold assent and send the bill back for reconsideration, except in the case of money bills.
3. Judicial Powers: a. Appointment of Judges: The President appoints judges to the Supreme Court of India and High Courts on the advice of the Chief Justice of India and the collegium of judges. b. Pardoning Power: The President has the authority to grant pardons, reprieves, and respites, as well as to commute or remit sentences in certain cases.
4. Discretionary Powers: a. Discretion in Appointments: Although most appointments are made on the advice of the Council of Ministers, the President has discretion in certain appointments, such as the appointment of the Attorney General, members of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes, and members of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. b. Discretionary Powers in Constitutional Matters: The President has discretionary powers in certain constitutional matters, such as the imposition of President’s Rule in states, the appointment of the Prime Minister when no party has a clear majority, and the proclamation of Emergency under Article 352 of the Constitution.

Overall, the powers of the President of India are significant and wide-ranging, encompassing executive, legislative, judicial, and discretionary functions. These powers are exercised in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and in consultation with the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister, and other constitutional authorities, with the ultimate aim of upholding the sovereignty, integrity, and welfare of the Indian Republic.

OR

“Indian democracy is now ready to shift from a crude First Past the Post system to a system of Proportional Representation”. Do you agree with this statement? Give your reasons for or against this statement. [6]

The statement suggesting a shift from a “crude First Past the Post (FPTP) system to a system of Proportional Representation (PR)” in Indian democracy is a matter of debate and warrants careful consideration. Here’s an analysis both for and against this proposition:

For the Shift to Proportional Representation:

1. Enhanced Representation: Proportional Representation (PR) ensures that smaller parties and minority groups are better represented in the legislative bodies. Unlike the FPTP system, where only the candidate with the highest number of votes wins, PR allocates seats in proportion to the overall votes received by each party. This leads to a more accurate reflection of the electorate’s preferences and ensures that diverse voices are heard in the decision-making process.
2. Reduced Wasted Votes: Under the FPTP system, votes cast for losing candidates or candidates who win by a large margin beyond what is needed to secure victory are effectively wasted. PR minimizes wasted votes by allocating seats based on the overall proportion of votes received by each party, thereby maximizing the impact of each vote and promoting voter participation.
3. Coalition Governments: PR often leads to coalition governments, where multiple parties come together to form a government. While this may seem like a drawback, coalition governments can promote consensus-building, compromise, and stability by necessitating cooperation among diverse political parties. This can lead to more inclusive and representative governance.

Against the Shift to Proportional Representation:

1. Political Stability: The FPTP system tends to produce single-party majority governments, which can lead to more stable and decisive governance compared to coalition governments that often result from PR. In a diverse and populous country like India, with a multitude of political parties representing various interests, coalition governments may struggle to maintain stability and coherence.
2. Regional Fragmentation: PR may exacerbate regionalism and fragmentation by empowering smaller regional parties at the expense of national cohesion. This could lead to challenges in national governance and coordination, as regional parties may prioritize parochial interests over the broader national agenda.
3. Complexity and Accountability: PR systems are often more complex than FPTP systems, involving proportional allocation of seats, party lists, and potential for preferential voting. This complexity can make it more difficult for voters to understand and hold elected representatives accountable. Moreover, PR systems may lead to greater influence by party elites in candidate selection, reducing the direct link between voters and representatives.

In conclusion, while Proportional Representation offers certain advantages such as enhanced representation and reduced wasted votes, its adoption in India must be carefully evaluated in the context of the country’s unique political, social, and institutional dynamics. It is essential to consider the potential impact on political stability, regional cohesion, governance effectiveness, and voter accountability before making such a fundamental change to the electoral system. Therefore, the decision to shift from the FPTP system to PR should be approached with caution and subject to thorough deliberation and public debate.

30. India truly secular? Why or why not? [6]

The question of whether India is truly secular is a complex and contentious one, with arguments both for and against the country’s secular character. Here’s an analysis of the factors contributing to India’s secular identity:

India’s Secular Character (For):

1. Constitutional Framework: India’s Constitution, adopted in 1950, enshrines secularism as one of its fundamental principles. The Preamble declares India to be a “sovereign socialist secular democratic republic,” and various provisions of the Constitution guarantee the freedom of religion, equality before the law irrespective of religion, and the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion.
2. Legal Safeguards: India has robust legal safeguards in place to protect the rights of individuals to practice and propagate their religion freely. The Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion and ensures the right to freedom of religion, including the freedom to profess, practice, and propagate religion.
3. Pluralistic Society: India is a diverse and pluralistic society with a rich tapestry of religions, languages, cultures, and traditions. The country has a long history of coexistence and tolerance among different religious communities, with instances of syncretism and mutual influence between religions.
4. State Neutrality: The Indian state is ostensibly neutral in matters of religion, refraining from favoring or discriminating against any particular religion or religious community. The state does not officially endorse any religion and maintains a distance from religious affairs.

Challenges to India’s Secular Character (Against):

1. Communalism and Religious Tensions: India has faced periodic outbreaks of communal violence and tensions along religious lines, particularly between the majority Hindu community and minority religious groups such as Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs. Factors such as political opportunism, economic disparities, and identity politics have often fueled communal polarization and violence.
2. Religious Discrimination and Marginalization: Despite constitutional guarantees, instances of religious discrimination, marginalization, and violence against religious minorities have been reported in India. Minority communities have sometimes faced challenges in the form of discriminatory laws, policies, and social prejudices.
3. Majoritarianism and Hindutva Ideology: There are concerns about the rise of majoritarianism and the promotion of Hindutva ideology, which seeks to assert the primacy of Hindu culture and values in Indian society. Critics argue that certain political and social movements espousing Hindutva have sought to marginalize religious minorities and undermine the secular fabric of the nation.
4. Institutional Bias: Some critics argue that certain state institutions and government policies exhibit bias or favoritism towards particular religious groups, undermining the principle of state neutrality. This can manifest in areas such as educational curriculum, religious conversion laws, and government funding for religious institutions.

In conclusion, while India’s Constitution and legal framework uphold the principles of secularism and religious freedom, the country faces challenges in fully realizing its secular character. Communal tensions, religious discrimination, and the rise of majoritarianism pose significant obstacles to the ideal of a truly secular and inclusive society. However, India’s secular identity remains a work in progress, shaped by ongoing debates, struggles, and efforts to uphold the values of pluralism, tolerance, and equality for all its citizens, irrespective of religion.

OR

Which form of government is advocated by our Constitution – Unitary or Federal? State any four features of Indian Constitution that have provided base for a strong Central Government.

The Constitution of India advocates for a federal form of government rather than a unitary one. However, it is essential to note that India’s federal structure is not entirely analogous to those found in countries like the United States or Canada. Instead, India operates under a quasi-federal system, often referred to as “cooperative federalism,” where power is shared between the central government and the states.

Four features of the Indian Constitution that have provided a base for a strong central government include:

1. Single Citizenship: Unlike federal systems where citizens hold both national and state citizenship, the Indian Constitution provides for a single citizenship for the entire country. This means that citizens owe allegiance to the Union of India rather than to individual states, thereby reinforcing the authority of the central government.
2. Integrated Judiciary: The Indian Constitution establishes a unified judicial system with the Supreme Court at the apex. The Supreme Court has jurisdiction over both central and state matters, and it acts as the final arbiter of disputes between the central government and the states. This integrated judiciary contributes to the centralization of power and authority in matters of law and justice.
3. Residuary Powers: The Indian Constitution grants residuary powers, i.e., powers not explicitly allocated to the states, exclusively to the central government. This means that matters not enumerated in the State List, Concurrent List, or Union List fall under the purview of the central government, enhancing its authority and control over a wide range of subjects.
4. Emergency Provisions: The Indian Constitution includes emergency provisions that confer extensive powers upon the central government during times of national crisis. The President can declare three types of emergencies—national emergency, state emergency (President’s Rule), and financial emergency—which temporarily centralize authority and suspend certain fundamental rights. These emergency provisions strengthen the central government’s ability to intervene in state affairs and maintain order during emergencies.

While these features provide a strong base for central government authority, it is important to recognize that the Indian Constitution also contains provisions that uphold federal principles and grant substantial autonomy to the states. The division of powers between the central and state governments, the existence of bicameral legislatures at both levels, and mechanisms for resolving disputes between the center and the states all contribute to India’s federal character. Therefore, while the central government enjoys significant powers, India’s federal structure also ensures a degree of decentralization and state autonomy within the broader framework of cooperative federalism.