Best First Search (Informed Search)

Prerequisites : BFS, DFS

In BFS and DFS, when we are at a node, we can consider any of the adjacent as next node. So both BFS and DFS blindly explore paths without considering any cost function. The idea of Best First Search is to use an evaluation function to decide which adjacent is most promising and then explore. Best First Search falls under the category of Heuristic Search or Informed Search.

We use a priority queue to store costs of nodes. So the implementation is a variation of BFS, we just need to change Queue to PriorityQueue.

// This pseudocode is adapted from below 
// source:
// https://courses.cs.washington.edu/
Best-First-Search(Grah g, Node start)
    1) Create an empty PriorityQueue
       PriorityQueue pq;
    2) Insert "start" in pq.
       pq.insert(start)
    3) Until PriorityQueue is empty
          u = PriorityQueue.DeleteMin
          If u is the goal
             Exit
          Else
             Foreach neighbor v of u
                If v "Unvisited"
                    Mark v "Visited"                    
                    pq.insert(v)
             Mark v "Examined"                    
End procedure

Let us consider below example.

We start from source "S" and search for
goal "I" using given costs and Best
First search.

pq initially contains S
We remove s from and process unvisited
neighbors of S to pq.
pq now contains {A, C, B} (C is put
before B because C has lesser cost)

We remove A from pq and process unvisited
neighbors of A to pq.
pq now contains {C, B, E, D}

We remove C from pq and process unvisited
neighbors of C to pq.
pq now contains {B, H, E, D}

We remove B from pq and process unvisited
neighbors of B to pq.
pq now contains {H, E, D, F, G}

We remove H from pq.  Since our goal
"I" is a neighbor of H, we return.

Analysis :

• The worst case time complexity for Best First Search is O(n * Log n) where n is number of nodes. In worst case, we may have to visit all nodes before we reach goal. Note that priority queue is implemented using Min(or Max) Heap, and insert and remove operations take O(log n) time.
• Performance of the algorithm depends on how well the cost or evaluation function is designed.

Related Article:
A* Search Algorithm

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