Wars and Peace with Pakistan| Class 12 Political Science
Last Updated :
25 Apr, 2024
Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Wars and Peace with Pakistan: The topic deals with the history of wars and peace between India and Pakistan. It begins by discussing the partition of British India in 1947 and the subsequent creation of the dominions of India and Pakistan. The chapter then goes on to discuss the various conflicts that have taken place between the two countries since independence, including the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and the Kargil War of 1999.
In this article, we will look into the topic ‘Wars and Peace with Pakistan’ in detail. It is an important topic in Political Science Class 12. Students can go through this article to get comprehensive notes on the topic Class 12 Political Science Chapter 4 Wars and Peace with Pakistan.
Conflict Between India and Pakistan: A Historical Overview
The Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan began after the Partition over the dispute on Kashmir. A proxy war broke out between the two armies in 1947, but it did not escalate into a full war. The issue was later referred to the UN, and Pakistan became a significant factor in India’s relations with the US and China. Despite the conflict, both governments cooperated to restore women abducted during Partition to their original families.
The India-Pakistan Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960, which has been effective. In 1965, armed conflict escalated, with Pakistan launching attacks in Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir. The conflict ended with UN intervention, and the Tashkent Agreement was signed in 1966 between Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan’s General Ayub Khan. The 1965 war added to India’s already difficult economic situation.
Wars and Peace with Pakistan
Since their independence from Great Britain in 1947, India and Pakistan have fought four wars and a number of smaller conflicts. The main cause of conflict has been the disputed territory of Kashmir, which both countries claim. The conflict has been further complicated by the presence of nuclear weapons on both sides.
The first war between India and Pakistan took place in 1947, shortly after independence. The war was inconclusive, and the Kashmir issue remained unresolved. The second war took place in 1965, and again ended in a stalemate. The third war, in 1971, resulted in the creation of Bangladesh, which was formerly East Pakistan. The fourth war, in 1999, was a limited conflict that took place in the Kargil region of Kashmir.
In recent years, there have been a number of ceasefire agreements between India and Pakistan, but the conflict remains unresolved. Both countries continue to build up their military forces, and there is a constant risk of renewed conflict.
The conflict between India and Pakistan is a complex one, with roots in history, religion, and culture. It is a conflict that has had a devastating impact on the people of both countries, and it is a conflict that is likely to continue for many years to come.
Bangladesh War, 1971
The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 was a bloody event that shaped the mindset of Bangladeshi people and forged their contemporary constitution. The war was fought for independence, but it was also triggered by religion. The Pakistani government wanted to turn Bangladeshis into exemplary Muslims by alienating them from their Hindu background.
The war began on December 7, 1970, when the Awami League won a substantial victory in Pakistan’s elections. The League was a political party led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who had campaigned for autonomy for East Pakistan. The Pakistani army committed war crimes that reached the level of genocide. The fighting lasted for only two weeks before a Pakistani surrender.
The war resulted in the creation of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. The war also had a significant impact on India, as it helped to define India’s role in foreign politics. The war also increased competition between India and Pakistan, forcing the United States to maintain its focus on regional developments.
The Bangladesh Liberation War is a significant event in South Asian history. It is a reminder of the importance of self-determination and the dangers of religious extremism. The war is also proof to the resilience of the Bangladeshi people.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the relationship between India and Pakistan has been complex and tumultuous since their independence in 1947. The two countries have fought four wars, and there have been numerous other conflicts and disputes. The most contentious issue between the two countries is the Kashmir region, which both claim as their own. Other factors that have contributed to the tension between the two countries include cross-border terrorism, trade and commerce, and the sharing of river waters.
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Wars and Peace with Pakistan- FAQs
What is the focus of Chapter 4 of Class 12 Political Science?
The chapter focuses on India’s relationship with Pakistan, including conflicts, peace efforts, and implications for regional stability.
How many wars have India and Pakistan fought since independence?
India and Pakistan have fought three major wars in 1947-48, 1965, and 1971, along with several smaller conflicts and skirmishes.
What are the major sources of conflict between India and Pakistan?
Sources include territorial disputes over Kashmir, cross-border terrorism, and competing regional influence.
How have India and Pakistan engaged in peace efforts?
Both countries have engaged in bilateral dialogues, peace initiatives, and confidence-building measures to resolve disputes and promote peace.
What role does external mediation play in India-Pakistan relations?
External actors, including the United States, China, and other international stakeholders, often facilitate peace talks and encourage de-escalation between India and Pakistan.
How do India and Pakistan manage their bilateral relations during periods of tension?
Both countries employ diplomatic channels, crisis management mechanisms, and military deterrence to manage tensions and prevent escalation.
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