Understanding nullptr in C++

Consider the following C++ program that shows problem with NULL (need of nullptr)

CPP

// C++ program to demonstrate problem with NULL
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// function with integer argument
void fun(int N)   { cout << "fun(int)"; return;}

// Overloaded function with char pointer argument
void fun(char* s)  { cout << "fun(char *)"; return;}

int main()
{
    // Ideally, it should have called fun(char *),
    // but it causes compiler error.
    fun(NULL);
}

Output: 

16:13: error: call of overloaded 'fun(NULL)' is ambiguous
     fun(NULL);

What is the problem with above program?
NULL is typically defined as (void *)0 and conversion of NULL to integral types is allowed. So the function call fun(NULL) becomes ambiguous. 

CPP

// This program compiles (may produce warning)
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
   int x = NULL;
}

How does nullptr solve the problem?
In the above program, if we replace NULL with nullptr, we get the output as “fun(char *)”.
nullptr is a keyword that can be used at all places where NULL is expected. Like NULL, nullptr is implicitly convertible and comparable to any pointer type. Unlike NULL, it is not implicitly convertible or comparable to integral types.

CPP

// This program does NOT compile
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
   int x = nullptr;
}

Output: 

Compiler Error

As a side note, nullptr is convertible to bool.

CPP

// This program compiles
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
   int *ptr = nullptr;

   // Below line compiles
   if (ptr) { cout << "true"; }
   else { cout << "false"; }
}

Output: 

false

       There are some unspecified things when we compare two simple pointers but comparison between two values of type nullptr_t is specified as, comparison by <= and >= return true and comparison by < and > returns false and comparing any pointer type with nullptr by == and != returns true or false if it is null or non-null respectively. 

C

// C++ program to show comparisons with nullptr
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Driver program to test behavior of nullptr
int main()
{
    // creating two variables of nullptr_t type
    // i.e., with value equal to nullptr
    nullptr_t np1, np2;

    // <= and >= comparison always return true
    if (np1 >= np2)
        cout << "can compare" << endl;
    else
        cout << "can not compare" << endl;

    // Initialize a pointer with value equal to np1
    char *x = np1;  // same as x = nullptr (or x = NULL
                    // will also work)
    if (x == nullptr)
        cout << "x is null" << endl;
    else
        cout << "x is not null" << endl;

    return 0;
}

Output : 

can compare
x is null

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