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Primitive root of a prime number n modulo n

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Given a prime number n, the task is to find its primitive root under modulo n. The primitive root of a prime number n is an integer r between[1, n-1] such that the values of r^x(mod n) where x is in the range[0, n-2] are different. Return -1 if n is a non-prime number.

Examples:  

Input : 7
Output : Smallest primitive root = 3
Explanation: n = 7
3^0(mod 7) = 1
3^1(mod 7) = 3
3^2(mod 7) = 2
3^3(mod 7) = 6
3^4(mod 7) = 4
3^5(mod 7) = 5

Input : 761
Output : Smallest primitive root = 6 

A simple solution is to try all numbers from 2 to n-1. For every number r, compute values of r^x(mod n) where x is in the range[0, n-2]. If all these values are different, then return r, else continue for the next value of r. If all values of r are tried, return -1.

An efficient solution is based on the below facts. 
If the multiplicative order of a number r modulo n is equal to Euler Totient Function ?(n) ( note that the Euler Totient Function for a prime n is n-1), then it is a primitive root. 

1- Euler Totient Function phi = n-1 [Assuming n is prime]
1- Find all prime factors of phi.
2- Calculate all powers to be calculated further 
   using (phi/prime-factors) one by one.
3- Check for all numbered for all powers from i=2 
   to n-1 i.e. (i^ powers) modulo n.
4- If it is 1 then 'i' is not a primitive root of n.
5- If it is never 1 then return i;.

Although there can be multiple primitive roots for a prime number, we are only concerned with the smallest one. If you want to find all the roots, then continue the process till p-1 instead of breaking up by finding the first primitive root. 

C++




// C++ program to find primitive root of a
// given number n
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
// Returns true if n is prime
bool isPrime(int n)
{
    // Corner cases
    if (n <= 1)  return false;
    if (n <= 3)  return true;
 
    // This is checked so that we can skip
    // middle five numbers in below loop
    if (n%2 == 0 || n%3 == 0) return false;
 
    for (int i=5; i*i<=n; i=i+6)
        if (n%i == 0 || n%(i+2) == 0)
            return false;
 
    return true;
}
 
/* Iterative Function to calculate (x^n)%p in
   O(logy) */
int power(int x, unsigned int y, int p)
{
    int res = 1;     // Initialize result
 
    x = x % p; // Update x if it is more than or
    // equal to p
 
    while (y > 0)
    {
        // If y is odd, multiply x with result
        if (y & 1)
            res = (res*x) % p;
 
        // y must be even now
        y = y >> 1; // y = y/2
        x = (x*x) % p;
    }
    return res;
}
 
// Utility function to store prime factors of a number
void findPrimefactors(unordered_set<int> &s, int n)
{
    // Print the number of 2s that divide n
    while (n%2 == 0)
    {
        s.insert(2);
        n = n/2;
    }
 
    // n must be odd at this point. So we can skip
    // one element (Note i = i +2)
    for (int i = 3; i <= sqrt(n); i = i+2)
    {
        // While i divides n, print i and divide n
        while (n%i == 0)
        {
            s.insert(i);
            n = n/i;
        }
    }
 
    // This condition is to handle the case when
    // n is a prime number greater than 2
    if (n > 2)
        s.insert(n);
}
 
// Function to find smallest primitive root of n
int findPrimitive(int n)
{
    unordered_set<int> s;
 
    // Check if n is prime or not
    if (isPrime(n)==false)
        return -1;
 
    // Find value of Euler Totient function of n
    // Since n is a prime number, the value of Euler
    // Totient function is n-1 as there are n-1
    // relatively prime numbers.
    int phi = n-1;
 
    // Find prime factors of phi and store in a set
    findPrimefactors(s, phi);
 
    // Check for every number from 2 to phi
    for (int r=2; r<=phi; r++)
    {
        // Iterate through all prime factors of phi.
        // and check if we found a power with value 1
        bool flag = false;
        for (auto it = s.begin(); it != s.end(); it++)
        {
 
            // Check if r^((phi)/primefactors) mod n
            // is 1 or not
            if (power(r, phi/(*it), n) == 1)
            {
                flag = true;
                break;
            }
         }
 
         // If there was no power with value 1.
         if (flag == false)
           return r;
    }
 
    // If no primitive root found
    return -1;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int n = 761;
    cout << " Smallest primitive root of " << n
         << " is " << findPrimitive(n);
    return 0;
}


Java




// Java program to find primitive root of a
// given number n
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG
{
 
    // Returns true if n is prime
    static boolean isPrime(int n)
    {
        // Corner cases
        if (n <= 1)
        {
            return false;
        }
        if (n <= 3)
        {
            return true;
        }
 
        // This is checked so that we can skip
        // middle five numbers in below loop
        if (n % 2 == 0 || n % 3 == 0)
        {
            return false;
        }
 
        for (int i = 5; i * i <= n; i = i + 6)
        {
            if (n % i == 0 || n % (i + 2) == 0)
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        return true;
    }
 
    /* Iterative Function to calculate (x^n)%p in
    O(logy) */
    static int power(int x, int y, int p)
    {
        int res = 1;     // Initialize result
 
        x = x % p; // Update x if it is more than or
        // equal to p
 
        while (y > 0)
        {
            // If y is odd, multiply x with result
            if (y % 2 == 1)
            {
                res = (res * x) % p;
            }
 
            // y must be even now
            y = y >> 1; // y = y/2
            x = (x * x) % p;
        }
        return res;
    }
 
    // Utility function to store prime factors of a number
    static void findPrimefactors(HashSet<Integer> s, int n)
    {
        // Print the number of 2s that divide n
        while (n % 2 == 0)
        {
            s.add(2);
            n = n / 2;
        }
 
        // n must be odd at this point. So we can skip
        // one element (Note i = i +2)
        for (int i = 3; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i = i + 2)
        {
            // While i divides n, print i and divide n
            while (n % i == 0)
            {
                s.add(i);
                n = n / i;
            }
        }
 
        // This condition is to handle the case when
        // n is a prime number greater than 2
        if (n > 2)
        {
            s.add(n);
        }
    }
 
    // Function to find smallest primitive root of n
    static int findPrimitive(int n)
    {
        HashSet<Integer> s = new HashSet<Integer>();
 
        // Check if n is prime or not
        if (isPrime(n) == false)
        {
            return -1;
        }
 
        // Find value of Euler Totient function of n
        // Since n is a prime number, the value of Euler
        // Totient function is n-1 as there are n-1
        // relatively prime numbers.
        int phi = n - 1;
 
        // Find prime factors of phi and store in a set
        findPrimefactors(s, phi);
 
        // Check for every number from 2 to phi
        for (int r = 2; r <= phi; r++)
        {
            // Iterate through all prime factors of phi.
            // and check if we found a power with value 1
            boolean flag = false;
            for (Integer a : s)
            {
 
                // Check if r^((phi)/primefactors) mod n
                // is 1 or not
                if (power(r, phi / (a), n) == 1)
                {
                    flag = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
 
            // If there was no power with value 1.
            if (flag == false)
            {
                return r;
            }
        }
 
        // If no primitive root found
        return -1;
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int n = 761;
        System.out.println(" Smallest primitive root of " + n
                + " is " + findPrimitive(n));
    }
}
 
/* This code contributed by PrinciRaj1992 */


Python3




# Python3 program to find primitive root
# of a given number n
from math import sqrt
 
# Returns True if n is prime
def isPrime( n):
 
    # Corner cases
    if (n <= 1):
        return False
    if (n <= 3):
        return True
 
    # This is checked so that we can skip
    # middle five numbers in below loop
    if (n % 2 == 0 or n % 3 == 0):
        return False
    i = 5
    while(i * i <= n):
        if (n % i == 0 or n % (i + 2) == 0) :
            return False
        i = i + 6
 
    return True
 
""" Iterative Function to calculate (x^n)%p
    in O(logy) */"""
def power( x, y, p):
 
    res = 1 # Initialize result
 
    x = x % p # Update x if it is more
              # than or equal to p
 
    while (y > 0):
 
        # If y is odd, multiply x with result
        if (y & 1):
            res = (res * x) % p
 
        # y must be even now
        y = y >> 1 # y = y/2
        x = (x * x) % p
 
    return res
 
# Utility function to store prime
# factors of a number
def findPrimefactors(s, n) :
 
    # Print the number of 2s that divide n
    while (n % 2 == 0) :
        s.add(2)
        n = n // 2
 
    # n must be odd at this point. So we can 
    # skip one element (Note i = i +2)
    for i in range(3, int(sqrt(n)), 2):
         
        # While i divides n, print i and divide n
        while (n % i == 0) :
 
            s.add(i)
            n = n // i
         
    # This condition is to handle the case
    # when n is a prime number greater than 2
    if (n > 2) :
        s.add(n)
 
# Function to find smallest primitive
# root of n
def findPrimitive( n) :
    s = set()
 
    # Check if n is prime or not
    if (isPrime(n) == False):
        return -1
 
    # Find value of Euler Totient function
    # of n. Since n is a prime number, the
    # value of Euler Totient function is n-1
    # as there are n-1 relatively prime numbers.
    phi = n - 1
 
    # Find prime factors of phi and store in a set
    findPrimefactors(s, phi)
 
    # Check for every number from 2 to phi
    for r in range(2, phi + 1):
 
        # Iterate through all prime factors of phi.
        # and check if we found a power with value 1
        flag = False
        for it in s:
 
            # Check if r^((phi)/primefactors)
            # mod n is 1 or not
            if (power(r, phi // it, n) == 1):
 
                flag = True
                break
             
        # If there was no power with value 1.
        if (flag == False):
            return r
 
    # If no primitive root found
    return -1
 
# Driver Code
n = 761
print("Smallest primitive root of",
         n, "is", findPrimitive(n))
 
# This code is contributed by
# Shubham Singh(SHUBHAMSINGH10)


C#




// C# program to find primitive root of a
// given number n
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
 
class GFG
{
 
    // Returns true if n is prime
    static bool isPrime(int n)
    {
        // Corner cases
        if (n <= 1)
        {
            return false;
        }
        if (n <= 3)
        {
            return true;
        }
 
        // This is checked so that we can skip
        // middle five numbers in below loop
        if (n % 2 == 0 || n % 3 == 0)
        {
            return false;
        }
 
        for (int i = 5; i * i <= n; i = i + 6)
        {
            if (n % i == 0 || n % (i + 2) == 0)
            {
                return false;
            }
        }
 
        return true;
    }
 
    /* Iterative Function to calculate (x^n)%p in
    O(logy) */
    static int power(int x, int y, int p)
    {
        int res = 1;     // Initialize result
 
        x = x % p; // Update x if it is more than or
        // equal to p
 
        while (y > 0)
        {
            // If y is odd, multiply x with result
            if (y % 2 == 1)
            {
                res = (res * x) % p;
            }
 
            // y must be even now
            y = y >> 1; // y = y/2
            x = (x * x) % p;
        }
        return res;
    }
 
    // Utility function to store prime factors of a number
    static void findPrimefactors(HashSet<int> s, int n)
    {
        // Print the number of 2s that divide n
        while (n % 2 == 0)
        {
            s.Add(2);
            n = n / 2;
        }
 
        // n must be odd at this point. So we can skip
        // one element (Note i = i +2)
        for (int i = 3; i <= Math.Sqrt(n); i = i + 2)
        {
            // While i divides n, print i and divide n
            while (n % i == 0)
            {
                s.Add(i);
                n = n / i;
            }
        }
 
        // This condition is to handle the case when
        // n is a prime number greater than 2
        if (n > 2)
        {
            s.Add(n);
        }
    }
 
    // Function to find smallest primitive root of n
    static int findPrimitive(int n)
    {
        HashSet<int> s = new HashSet<int>();
 
        // Check if n is prime or not
        if (isPrime(n) == false)
        {
            return -1;
        }
 
        // Find value of Euler Totient function of n
        // Since n is a prime number, the value of Euler
        // Totient function is n-1 as there are n-1
        // relatively prime numbers.
        int phi = n - 1;
 
        // Find prime factors of phi and store in a set
        findPrimefactors(s, phi);
 
        // Check for every number from 2 to phi
        for (int r = 2; r <= phi; r++)
        {
            // Iterate through all prime factors of phi.
            // and check if we found a power with value 1
            bool flag = false;
            foreach (int a in s)
            {
 
                // Check if r^((phi)/primefactors) mod n
                // is 1 or not
                if (power(r, phi / (a), n) == 1)
                {
                    flag = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
 
            // If there was no power with value 1.
            if (flag == false)
            {
                return r;
            }
        }
 
        // If no primitive root found
        return -1;
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        int n = 761;
        Console.WriteLine(" Smallest primitive root of " + n
                + " is " + findPrimitive(n));
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji


Javascript




<script>
// Javascript program to find primitive root of a
// given number n
 
 
// Returns true if n is prime
function isPrime(n) {
    // Corner cases
    if (n <= 1)
        return false;
    if (n <= 3)
        return true;
 
    // This is checked so that we can skip
    // middle five numbers in below loop
    if (n % 2 == 0 || n % 3 == 0)
        return false;
 
    for (let i = 5; i * i <= n; i = i + 6)
        if (n % i == 0 || n % (i + 2) == 0)
            return false;
 
    return true;
}
 
/* Iterative Function to calculate (x^n)%p in
O(logy) */
   
function power(x, y, p) {
    let res = 1;     // Initialize result
 
    x = x % p; // Update x if it is more than or
    // equal to p
 
    while (y > 0) {
        // If y is odd, multiply x with result
        if (y & 1)
            res = (res * x) % p;
 
        // y must be even now
        y = y >> 1; // y = y/2
        x = (x * x) % p;
    }
    return res;
}
 
// Utility function to store prime factors of a number
function findPrimefactors(s, n) {
    // Print the number of 2s that divide n
    while (n % 2 == 0) {
        s.add(2);
        n = n / 2;
    }
 
    // n must be odd at this point. So we can skip
    // one element (Note i = i +2)
    for (let i = 3; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i = i + 2) {
        // While i divides n, print i and divide n
        while (n % i == 0) {
            s.add(i);
            n = n / i;
        }
    }
 
    // This condition is to handle the case when
    // n is a prime number greater than 2
    if (n > 2)
        s.add(n);
}
 
// Function to find smallest primitive root of n
function findPrimitive(n) {
    let s = new Set();
 
    // Check if n is prime or not
    if (isPrime(n) == false)
        return -1;
 
    // Find value of Euler Totient function of n
    // Since n is a prime number, the value of Euler
    // Totient function is n-1 as there are n-1
    // relatively prime numbers.
    let phi = n - 1;
 
    // Find prime factors of phi and store in a set
    findPrimefactors(s, phi);
 
    // Check for every number from 2 to phi
    for (let r = 2; r <= phi; r++) {
        // Iterate through all prime factors of phi.
        // and check if we found a power with value 1
        let flag = false;
        for (let it of s) {
 
            // Check if r^((phi)/primefactors) mod n
            // is 1 or not
            if (power(r, phi / it, n) == 1) {
                flag = true;
                break;
            }
        }   
 
        // If there was no power with value 1.
        if (flag == false)
            return r;
    }
 
    // If no primitive root found
    return -1;
}
 
// Driver code
 
let n = 761;
document.write(" Smallest primitive root of " + n + " is " + findPrimitive(n));
 
// This code is contributed by gfgking
</script>


Output:  

Smallest primitive root of 761 is 6

Time Complexity : O(n^2 * logn)
Space Complexity : O(sqrt(n))

 



Last Updated : 08 Mar, 2023
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