Optimal Strategy for a Game | Set 2

Problem statement: Consider a row of n coins of values v1 . . . vn, where n is even. We play a game against an opponent by alternating turns. In each turn, a player selects either the first or last coin from the row, removes it from the row permanently, and receives the value of the coin. Determine the maximum possible amount of money we can definitely win if we move first.
Note: The opponent is as clever as the user.

Let us understand the problem with few examples:
1. 5, 3, 7, 10 : The user collects maximum value as 15(10 + 5)
2. 8, 15, 3, 7 : The user collects maximum value as 22(7 + 15)

Does choosing the best at each move give an optimal solution?
No. In the second example, this is how the game can finish:

1.
…….User chooses 8. 
…….Opponent chooses 15. 
…….User chooses 7. 
…….Opponent chooses 3. 
Total value collected by user is 15(8 + 7) 
2.
…….User chooses 7. 
…….Opponent chooses 8. 
…….User chooses 15. 
…….Opponent chooses 3. 
Total value collected by user is 22(7 + 15) 
So if the user follows the second game state, maximum value can be collected although the first move is not the best.

We have discussed an approach that makes 4 recursive calls. In this post, a new approach is discussed that makes two recursive calls.
There are two choices: 
1. The user chooses the ith coin with value Vi: The opponent either chooses (i+1)th coin or jth coin. The opponent intends to choose the coin which leaves the user with minimum value. 
i.e. The user can collect the value Vi + (Sum – Vi) – F(i+1, j, Sum – Vi) where Sum is sum of coins from index i to j. The expression can be simplified to Sum – F(i+1, j, Sum – Vi) 

2. The user chooses the jth coin with value Vj: The opponent either chooses ith coin or (j-1)th coin. The opponent intends to choose the coin which leaves the user with minimum value. 
i.e. The user can collect the value Vj + (Sum – Vj) – F(i, j-1, Sum – Vj) where Sum is sum of coins from index i to j. The expression can be simplified to Sum – F(i, j-1, Sum – Vj) 

Following is recursive solution that is based on above two choices. We take the maximum of two choices. 

F(i, j)  represents the maximum value the user can collect from 
         i'th coin to j'th coin.
arr[]   represents the list of coins

    F(i, j)  = Max(Sum - F(i+1, j, Sum-arr[i]), 
                   Sum - F(i, j-1, Sum-arr[j])) 
Base Case
    F(i, j)  = max(arr[i], arr[j])  If j == i+1

Simple Recursive Solution

C++

// C++ program to find out maximum value from a
// given sequence of coins
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int oSRec(int arr[], int i, int j, int sum)
{
    if (j == i + 1)
        return max(arr[i], arr[j]);

    // For both of your choices, the opponent
    // gives you total sum minus maximum of
    // his value
    return max((sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j, sum - arr[i])),
               (sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1, sum - arr[j])));
}

// Returns optimal value possible that a player can
// collect from an array of coins of size n. Note
// than n must be even
int optimalStrategyOfGame(int* arr, int n)
{
    int sum = 0;
    sum = accumulate(arr, arr + n, sum);
    return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, sum);
}

// Driver program to test above function
int main()
{
    int arr1[] = { 8, 15, 3, 7 };
    int n = sizeof(arr1) / sizeof(arr1[0]);
    printf("%d\n", optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n));

    int arr2[] = { 2, 2, 2, 2 };
    n = sizeof(arr2) / sizeof(arr2[0]);
    printf("%d\n", optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n));

    int arr3[] = { 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 };
    n = sizeof(arr3) / sizeof(arr3[0]);
    printf("%d\n", optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n));

    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find out maximum value from a
// given sequence of coins
import java .io.*;

class GFG
{

    static int oSRec(int []arr, int i, int j, int sum)
    {
        if (j == i + 1)
            return Math.max(arr[i], arr[j]);

        // For both of your choices, the opponent
        // gives you total sum minus maximum of
        // his value
        return Math.max((sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j, sum - arr[i])),
                (sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1, sum - arr[j])));
    }

    // Returns optimal value possible that a player can
    // collect from an array of coins of size n. Note
    // than n must be even
    static int optimalStrategyOfGame(int[] arr, int n)
    {
        int sum = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            sum += arr[i];
        }

        return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, sum);
    }

    // Driver code
    static public void main (String[] args)
    {
        int []arr1 = { 8, 15, 3, 7 };
        int n = arr1.length;
        System.out.println(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n));

        int []arr2 = { 2, 2, 2, 2 };
        n = arr2.length;
        System.out.println(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n));

        int []arr3 = { 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 };
        n = arr3.length ;
        System.out.println(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n));
    }
}

// This code is contributed by anuj_67..

Python3

# python3 program to find out maximum value from a
# given sequence of coins

def oSRec (arr, i, j, Sum):

    if (j == i + 1):
        return max(arr[i], arr[j])

    # For both of your choices, the opponent
    # gives you total Sum minus maximum of
    # his value
    return max((Sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j, Sum - arr[i])),
                (Sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1, Sum - arr[j])))

# Returns optimal value possible that a player can
# collect from an array of coins of size n. Note
# than n must be even
def optimalStrategyOfGame(arr, n):

    Sum = 0
    Sum = sum(arr)
    return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, Sum)

# Driver code

arr1= [ 8, 15, 3, 7]
n = len(arr1)
print(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n))

arr2= [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
n = len(arr2)
print(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n))

arr3= [ 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 ]
n = len(arr3)
print(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n))

# This code is contributed by Mohit kumar 29

C#

// C# program to find out maximum value from a
// given sequence of coins
using System;
class GFG
{
    static int oSRec(int []arr, int i,
                     int j, int sum)
    {
        if (j == i + 1)
            return Math.Max(arr[i], arr[j]);

        // For both of your choices, the opponent
        // gives you total sum minus maximum of
        // his value
        return Math.Max((sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j,
                                     sum - arr[i])),
                        (sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1,
                                     sum - arr[j])));
    }

    // Returns optimal value possible that a player can
    // collect from an array of coins of size n. Note
    // than n must be even
    static int optimalStrategyOfGame(int[] arr, int n)
    {
        int sum = 0;
        for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            sum += arr[i];
        }

        return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, sum);
    }

    // Driver code
    static public void Main ()
    {
        int []arr1 = { 8, 15, 3, 7 };
        int n = arr1.Length;
        Console.WriteLine(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n));

        int []arr2 = { 2, 2, 2, 2 };
        n = arr2.Length;
        Console.WriteLine(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n));

        int []arr3 = { 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 };
        n = arr3.Length;
        Console.WriteLine(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n));
    }
}

// This code is contributed by AnkitRai01

Javascript

<script>
    // Javascript program to find out maximum value from a
    // given sequence of coins

    function oSRec(arr, i, j, sum)
    {
        if (j == i + 1)
            return Math.max(arr[i], arr[j]);

        // For both of your choices, the opponent
        // gives you total sum minus maximum of
        // his value
        return Math.max((sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j,
                                     sum - arr[i])),
                        (sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1,
                                     sum - arr[j])));
    }

    // Returns optimal value possible that a player can
    // collect from an array of coins of size n. Note
    // than n must be even
    function optimalStrategyOfGame(arr, n)
    {
        let sum = 0;
        for(let i = 0; i < n; i++)
        {
            sum += arr[i];
        }

        return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, sum);
    }

    let arr1 = [ 8, 15, 3, 7 ];
    let n = arr1.length;
    document.write(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n) + "</br>");

    let arr2 = [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ];
    n = arr2.length;
    document.write(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n) + "</br>");

    let arr3 = [ 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 ];
    n = arr3.length;
    document.write(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n) + "</br>");

</script>

Output:

22
4
42

Memoization Based Solution

C++

// C++ program to find out maximum value from a
// given sequence of coins
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

const int MAX = 100;

int memo[MAX][MAX];

int oSRec(int arr[], int i, int j, int sum)
{
    if (j == i + 1)
        return max(arr[i], arr[j]);

    if (memo[i][j] != -1)
        return memo[i][j];

    // For both of your choices, the opponent
    // gives you total sum minus maximum of
    // his value
    memo[i][j] = max((sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j, sum - arr[i])),
                     (sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1, sum - arr[j])));

    return memo[i][j];
}

// Returns optimal value possible that a player can
// collect from an array of coins of size n. Note
// than n must be even
int optimalStrategyOfGame(int* arr, int n)
{
    // Compute sum of elements
    int sum = 0;
    sum = accumulate(arr, arr + n, sum);

    // Initialize memoization table
    memset(memo, -1, sizeof(memo));

    return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, sum);
}

// Driver program to test above function
int main()
{
    int arr1[] = { 8, 15, 3, 7 };
    int n = sizeof(arr1) / sizeof(arr1[0]);
    printf("%d\n", optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n));

    int arr2[] = { 2, 2, 2, 2 };
    n = sizeof(arr2) / sizeof(arr2[0]);
    printf("%d\n", optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n));

    int arr3[] = { 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 };
    n = sizeof(arr3) / sizeof(arr3[0]);
    printf("%d\n", optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n));

    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to find out maximum value from a
// given sequence of coins
import java.util.*;
class GFG{

static int MAX = 100;

static int [][]memo = new int[MAX][MAX];

static int oSRec(int arr[], int i,
                 int j, int sum)
{
    if (j == i + 1)
        return Math.max(arr[i], arr[j]);

    if (memo[i][j] != -1)
        return memo[i][j];

    // For both of your choices, the opponent
    // gives you total sum minus maximum of
    // his value
    memo[i][j] = Math.max((sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j,
                                       sum - arr[i])),
                           (sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1,
                                       sum - arr[j])));

    return memo[i][j];
}

static int accumulate(int[] arr,
                      int start, int end)
{
    int sum=0;
    for(int i= 0; i < arr.length; i++)
        sum += arr[i];
    return sum;
}

// Returns optimal value possible that a player can
// collect from an array of coins of size n. Note
// than n must be even
static int optimalStrategyOfGame(int []arr, int n)
{
    // Compute sum of elements
    int sum = 0;
    sum = accumulate(arr, 0, n);

    // Initialize memoization table
    for (int j = 0; j < MAX; j++)
    {
        for (int k = 0; k < MAX; k++)
            memo[j][k] = -1;
    }

    return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, sum);
}

// Driver Code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
    int arr1[] = { 8, 15, 3, 7 };
    int n = arr1.length;
    System.out.printf("%d\n",
               optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n));

    int arr2[] = { 2, 2, 2, 2 };
    n = arr2.length;
    System.out.printf("%d\n",
               optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n));

    int arr3[] = { 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 };
    n = arr3.length;
    System.out.printf("%d\n",
               optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n));
}
}

// This code is contributed by gauravrajput1

Python3

# Python3 program to find out maximum value
# from a given sequence of coins
MAX = 100

memo = [[0 for i in range(MAX)]
           for j in range(MAX)]

def oSRec(arr, i, j, Sum):

    if (j == i + 1):
        return max(arr[i], arr[j])

    if (memo[i][j] != -1):
        return memo[i][j]

    # For both of your choices, the opponent
    # gives you total sum minus maximum of
    # his value
    memo[i][j] = max((Sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j,
                                     Sum - arr[i])),
                     (Sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1,
                                        Sum - arr[j])))

    return memo[i][j]

# Returns optimal value possible that a
# player can collect from an array of
# coins of size n. Note than n must
# be even
def optimalStrategyOfGame(arr, n):

    # Compute sum of elements
    Sum = 0
    Sum = sum(arr)

    # Initialize memoization table
    for j in range(MAX):
        for k in range(MAX):
            memo[j][k] = -1

    return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, Sum)

# Driver Code
arr1 = [ 8, 15, 3, 7 ]
n = len(arr1)
print(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n))

arr2 = [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ]
n = len(arr2)
print(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n))

arr3 = [ 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 ]
n = len(arr3)
print(optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n))

# This code is contributed by divyesh072019

C#

// C# program to find out maximum value from a
// given sequence of coins
using System;
class GFG{

  static int MAX = 100;

  static int[,] memo = new int[MAX, MAX];

  static int oSRec(int []arr, int i,
                   int j, int sum)
  {
    if (j == i + 1)
      return Math.Max(arr[i], arr[j]);

    if (memo[i, j] != -1)
      return memo[i, j];

    // For both of your choices, the opponent
    // gives you total sum minus maximum of
    // his value
    memo[i, j] = Math.Max((sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j,
                                       sum - arr[i])),
                          (sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1,
                                       sum - arr[j])));

    return memo[i,j];
  }

  static int accumulate(int[] arr, int start,
                        int end)
  {
    int sum = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < arr.Length; i++)
      sum += arr[i];
    return sum;
  }

  // Returns optimal value possible that a player can
  // collect from an array of coins of size n. Note
  // than n must be even
  static int optimalStrategyOfGame(int[] arr, int n)
  {
    // Compute sum of elements
    int sum = 0;
    sum = accumulate(arr, 0, n);

    // Initialize memoization table
    for (int j = 0; j < MAX; j++)
    {
      for (int k = 0; k < MAX; k++)
        memo[j, k] = -1;
    }

    return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, sum);
  }

  // Driver Code
  public static void Main(String[] args)
  {
    int []arr1 = { 8, 15, 3, 7 };
    int n = arr1.Length;
    Console.Write("{0}\n", optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n));

    int []arr2 = { 2, 2, 2, 2 };
    n = arr2.Length;
    Console.Write("{0}\n", optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n));

    int []arr3 = { 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 };
    n = arr3.Length;
    Console.Write("{0}\n", optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n));
  }
}

// This code is contributed by Rohit_ranjan

Javascript

<script>

// Javascript program to find out maximum
// value from a given sequence of coins
let MAX = 100;
let memo = new Array(MAX);
for(let i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
{
    memo[i] = new Array(MAX);
    for(let j = 0; j < MAX; j++)
    {
        memo[i][j] = 0;
    }
}

function oSRec(arr, i, j, sum)
{
    if (j == i + 1)
        return Math.max(arr[i], arr[j]);

    if (memo[i][j] != -1)
        return memo[i][j];

    // For both of your choices, the opponent
    // gives you total sum minus maximum of
    // his value
    memo[i][j] = Math.max((sum - oSRec(arr, i + 1, j,
                                       sum - arr[i])),
                          (sum - oSRec(arr, i, j - 1,
                                       sum - arr[j])));

    return memo[i][j];
}

function accumulate(arr, start, end)
{
     let sum = 0;
    for(let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)
        sum += arr[i];

    return sum;
}

// Returns optimal value possible that a player can
// collect from an array of coins of size n. Note
// than n must be even
function optimalStrategyOfGame(arr, n)
{

    // Compute sum of elements
    let sum = 0;
    sum = accumulate(arr, 0, n);

    // Initialize memoization table
    for(let j = 0; j < MAX; j++)
    {
        for(let k = 0; k < MAX; k++)
            memo[j][k] = -1;
    }
    return oSRec(arr, 0, n - 1, sum);
}

// Driver Code
let arr1 = [ 8, 15, 3, 7 ];
let n = arr1.length;
document.write(
    optimalStrategyOfGame(arr1, n) + "<br>");

let arr2 = [ 2, 2, 2, 2 ];
n = arr2.length;
document.write(
    optimalStrategyOfGame(arr2, n) + "<br>");

let arr3 = [ 20, 30, 2, 2, 2, 10 ];
n = arr3.length;
document.write(
    optimalStrategyOfGame(arr3, n) + "<br>");

// This code is contributed by patel2127

</script>

Output:

22
4
42

This approach is suggested by Alind.