India-Pakistan Conflicts| Class 12 Political Science Notes

Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 3: Achieving success in CBSE exams requires a clear understanding of Political Science concepts. Thus, Class 12 students must obtain well-structured Political Science Class 12 Notes from experienced teachers. These notes are designed to help students understand the fundamental concepts of the India-Pakistan Conflict and build a strong foundation for their future studies.

Our Class 12 Political Science Note is based on the NCERT Pattern and the latest syllabus. Take the help of our chapter-wise CBSE class 12th Political Science notes to ace the CBSE class 12 exam.

India-Pakistan Conflicts

Moving from domestic politics, let’s look into the realm of international relations in this region. Despite the post-Cold War era, conflicts and tensions persist, encompassing not only internal democracy or ethnic differences but also critical conflicts of international significance, many involving India due to its prominent position in the region.

Foremost among these conflicts is the enduring rivalry between India and Pakistan. Since the partition, the fate of Kashmir has been a contentious issue, with Pakistan claiming it as its own. The wars of 1947-48 and 1965 failed to resolve the matter, resulting in the division of the region into Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and the Indian province of Jammu and Kashmir, separated by the Line of Control. Even after India’s decisive victory in 1971, the Kashmir issue remained unresolved.

Beyond Kashmir, strategic concerns such as control over the Siachen glacier and arms acquisitions contribute to tensions between India and Pakistan. The arms race escalated in the 1990s with both nations acquiring nuclear capabilities and missile systems, culminating in nuclear tests by both countries in 1998. Although direct full-scale war seems less likely since then, mutual suspicions persist.

India accuses Pakistan of supporting Kashmiri militants and pro-Khalistani militants, alleging involvement of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in anti-India activities, even extending to India’s northeast via Bangladesh and Nepal. Conversely, Pakistan accuses India of meddling in Sindh and Balochistan.

The sharing of river waters has also been a point of contention, notably over the Indus basin. Despite signing the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 with World Bank mediation, minor disputes persist, including differences over the interpretation of the treaty and the demarcation line in Sir Creek in the Rann of Kutch. While seemingly minor, these disputes hold significance, particularly regarding control of sea resources.

Negotiations between India and Pakistan continue on these multifaceted issues, reflecting ongoing efforts to address longstanding conflicts and regional stability.

India-Pakistan Conflicts- FAQs

What are the main conflicts between India and Pakistan?

The main conflicts between India and Pakistan revolve around the disputed region of Kashmir, strategic issues like control over the Siachen glacier, and the acquisition of arms, including nuclear weapons.

Have India and Pakistan ever engaged in wars over these conflicts?

Yes, India and Pakistan have fought wars over the Kashmir issue, including conflicts in 1947-48, 1965, and 1971.

How did the 1947-48 war affect Kashmir?

The 1947-48 war resulted in the division of Kashmir into Pakistan-occupied Kashmir and the Indian province of Jammu and Kashmir, separated by the Line of Control.

What is the significance of the Siachen glacier in the India-Pakistan conflict?

Control over the Siachen glacier, the world’s highest battlefield, is a strategic concern for both India and Pakistan due to its strategic location along the Line of Control.

How did the nuclear tests in 1998 impact the India-Pakistan conflict?

The nuclear tests conducted by both India and Pakistan in 1998 escalated tensions but also established a deterrence that reduced the likelihood of a full-scale war between the two countries.

What are some of the accusations exchanged between India and Pakistan?

India accuses Pakistan of supporting Kashmiri militants and aiding pro-Khalistani militants in the past. Pakistan, in turn, alleges Indian interference in regions like Sindh and Balochistan.

Are there disputes over river waters between India and Pakistan?

Yes, until 1960, India and Pakistan were embroiled in a dispute over the use of the rivers of the Indus basin. The Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 to address this issue, but minor differences still exist.

How are India and Pakistan attempting to resolve their conflicts?

India and Pakistan are engaged in negotiations over various issues, including Kashmir, strategic concerns, and river water disputes. However, underlying tensions persist despite these efforts.