Finding the path from one vertex to rest using BFS

Given an adjacency list representation of a directed graph, the task is to find the path from source to every other node in the graph using BFS.

Examples:

Input:
Example
Output:
0 <- 2
1 <- 0 <- 2
2
3 <- 1 <- 0 <- 2
4 <- 5 <- 2
5 <- 2
6 <- 2

Approach: In the images shown below:

  • que[] array stores the vertices reached and we will enqueue a vertex only if it has not been visited and dequeue it once all its child node have been considered.
  • In order to distinguish whether the node has been visited or not we will put 1 in visited[] array at the respective index to signify it has been visited and if at given index 0 is present it will signify that it has not been visited.
  • Parent array is to store the parent node of each vertex. For ex. In case of 0 connected to 2, 2 will be the parent node of 0 and we will put 2 at the index 0 in the parent array.










Below is the implementation of the above approach:

Java

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// Java implementation of the approach
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
  
class GFG {
  
    // Function to print the path from
    // source (s) to destination (d)
    static void print(int parent[], int s, int d)
    {
        // The while loop will stop only when the
        // destination and the source node become equal
        while (s != d) {
  
            // Print the destination and store the parent
            // of the node in the destination since parent
            // stores the node through which
            // the current node has been reached
            System.out.print(d + " <- ");
            d = parent[d];
        }
  
        System.out.println(d);
    }
  
    // Finding Path using BFS ALgorithm
    static void bfs(List<List<Integer> > adjList, int source, int n)
    {
        int parent[] = new int[n];
        int que[] = new int[n];
        Arrays.fill(parent, 0);
        Arrays.fill(que, 0);
  
        int front = -1, rear = -1;
        int visited[] = new int[n];
        Arrays.fill(visited, 0);
        visited = 1;
        parent = source;
  
        // To add any non visited node we will increment the rear
        // and add that vertex to the end of the array (enqueuing)
        que[++rear] = source;
  
        int k;
  
        // The loop will continue till the rear and front are equal
        while (front != rear) {
  
            // Here Dequeuing is nothing but to increment the front int
            k = que[++front];
            List<Integer> list = adjList.get(k);
            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
                int j = list.get(i);
                if (visited[j] == 0) {
                    que[++rear] = j;
                    visited[j] = 1;
                    parent[j] = k;
                }
            }
        }
  
        // Print the path from source to every other node
        for (k = 0; k < n; k++)
            print(parent, source, k);
    }
  
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String args[])
    {
  
        // Adjacency list representation of the graph
        List<List<Integer> > adjList = new ArrayList<>();
  
        // Vertices 1 and 2 have an incoming edge
        // from vertex 0
        List<Integer> tmp = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(1, 2));
        adjList.add(tmp);
  
        // Vertex 3 has an incoming edge from vertex 1
        tmp = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(3));
        adjList.add(tmp);
  
        // Vertices 0, 5 and 6 have an incoming
        // edge from vertex 2
        tmp = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(0, 5, 6));
        adjList.add(tmp);
  
        // Vertices 1 and 4 have an incoming edge
        // from vertex 3
        tmp = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(1, 4));
        adjList.add(tmp);
  
        // Vertices 2 and 3 have an incoming edge
        // from vertex 4
        tmp = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(2, 3));
        adjList.add(tmp);
  
        // Vertices 4 and 6 have an incoming edge
        // from vertex 5
        tmp = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(4, 6));
        adjList.add(tmp);
  
        // Vertex 5 has an incoming edge from vertex 6
        tmp = new ArrayList<Integer>(Arrays.asList(5));
        adjList.add(tmp);
  
        int n = adjList.size();
  
        int source = 2;
        bfs(adjList, source, n);
    }
}

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Python3





# Python3 implementation of the approach 


# Function to print the path from

# src (s) to destination (d)

def printfunc(parent, s, d): 


	# The while loop will stop only when

	# the destination and the src node

	# become equal

	while s != d: 


		# Print the destination and store

		# the parent of the node in the

		# destination since parent stores

		# the node through which the current

		# node has been reached

		print(str(d) + ” <-", end = " ") 
		d = parent[d] 
		
	print(d) 

# Finding Path using BFS ALgorithm 
def bfs(adjList, src, n): 
	
	parent = [0] * (n) 
	que = [0] * (n) 
	
	front, rear = -1, -1
	visited = [0] * (n) 
	visited[src] = 1
	parent[src] = src

	# To add any non visited node we will 
	# increment the rear and add that vertex 
	# to the end of the array (enqueuing) 
	rear += 1
	que[rear] = src 

	# The loop will continue till the rear 
	# and front are equal 
	while front != rear: 

		# Here Dequeuing is nothing but to
		# increment the front int 
		front += 1
		k = que[front] 
		List = adjList[k] 
		for i in range(0, len(List)): 
			j = List[i]
			
			if visited[j] == 0:
				rear += 1
				que[rear] = j 
				visited[j] = 1
				parent[j] = k 
				
	# Print the path from src to every 
	# other node 
	for k in range(0, n): 
		printfunc(parent, src, k) 
	
# Driver code 
if __name__ == "__main__": 

	# Adjacency list representation
	# of the graph 
	adjList = [] 

	# Vertices 1 and 2 have an incoming edge 
	# from vertex 0 
	adjList.append([1, 2]) 

	# Vertex 3 has an incoming edge 
	# from vertex 1 
	adjList.append([3]) 

	# Vertices 0, 5 and 6 have an incoming 
	# edge from vertex 2 
	adjList.append([0, 5, 6]) 

	# Vertices 1 and 4 have an incoming edge 
	# from vertex 3 
	adjList.append([1, 4]) 

	# Vertices 2 and 3 have an incoming edge 
	# from vertex 4 
	adjList.append([2, 3]) 

	# Vertices 4 and 6 have an incoming edge 
	# from vertex 5 
	adjList.append([4, 6]) 

	# Vertex 5 has an incoming edge 
	# from vertex 6 
	adjList.append([5]) 

	n = len(adjList) 

	src = 2
	bfs(adjList, src, n) 
	
# This code is contributed by Rituraj Jain


[tabbyending]





Output:


0 <- 2
1 <- 0 <- 2
2
3 <- 1 <- 0 <- 2
4 <- 5 <- 2
5 <- 2
6 <- 2






          
          
          
          

            

    

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