Python – List Comprehension

A Python list comprehension consists of brackets containing the expression, which is executed for each element along with the for loop to iterate over each element in the Python list. 

Python List comprehension provides a much more short syntax for creating a new list based on the values of an existing list.

Advantages of List Comprehension

• More time-efficient and space-efficient than loops.
• Require fewer lines of code.
• Transforms iterative statement into a formula.

Syntax of  List Comprehension

newList = [ expression(element) for element in oldList if condition ]

Example of List Comprehension in Python

Example 1: Iteration with List comprehension

Python3

# Using list comprehension to iterate through loop
List = [character for character in [1, 2, 3]]

# Displaying list
print(List)

Output

[1, 2, 3]

Example 2: Even list using list comprehension

Python3

list = [i for i in range(11) if i % 2 == 0]
print(list)

Output

[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

Example 3: Matrix using List comprehension

Python3

matrix = [[j for j in range(3)] for i in range(3)]

print(matrix)

Output

[[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2]]

List Comprehensions vs For Loop

There are various ways to iterate through a list. However, the most common approach is to use the for loop. Let us look at the below example:

Python3

# Empty list
List = []

# Traditional approach of iterating
for character in 'Geeks 4 Geeks!':
    List.append(character)

# Display list
print(List)

Output

['G', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's', ' ', '4', ' ', 'G', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's', '!']

Above is the implementation of the traditional approach to iterate through a list, string, tuple, etc. Now list comprehension does the same task and also makes the program more simple. 

List Comprehensions translate the traditional iteration approach using for loop into a simple formula hence making them easy to use. Below is the approach to iterate through a list, string, tuple, etc. using list comprehension.

Python3

# Using list comprehension to iterate through loop
List = [character for character in 'Geeks 4 Geeks!']

# Displaying list
print(List)

Output

['G', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's', ' ', '4', ' ', 'G', 'e', 'e', 'k', 's', '!']

Time Analysis in List Comprehensions and Loop

The list comprehensions are more efficient both computationally and in terms of coding space and time than a for a loop. Typically, they are written in a single line of code. The below program depicts the difference between for loops and list comprehension based on performance.

Python3

# Import required module
import time


# define function to implement for loop
def for_loop(n):
    result = []
    for i in range(n):
        result.append(i**2)
    return result


# define function to implement list comprehension
def list_comprehension(n):
    return [i**2 for i in range(n)]


# Driver Code

# Calculate time taken by for_loop()
begin = time.time()
for_loop(10**6)
end = time.time()

# Display time taken by for_loop()
print('Time taken for_loop:', round(end-begin, 2))

# Calculate time takens by list_comprehension()
begin = time.time()
list_comprehension(10**6)
end = time.time()

# Display time taken by for_loop()
print('Time taken for list_comprehension:', round(end-begin, 2))

Output

Time taken for_loop: 0.39
Time taken for list_comprehension: 0.35

From the above program, we can see list comprehensions are quite faster than for loop.

Nested List Comprehensions

Nested List Comprehensions are nothing but a list comprehension within another list comprehension which is quite similar to nested for loops. Below is the program which implements nested loop:

Python3

matrix = []

for i in range(3):

    # Append an empty sublist inside the list
    matrix.append([])

    for j in range(5):
        matrix[i].append(j)

print(matrix)

Output

[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]

Now by using nested list comprehensions same output can be generated in fewer lines of code.

Python3

# Nested list comprehension
matrix = [[j for j in range(5)] for i in range(3)]

print(matrix)

Output

[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]

List Comprehensions and Lambda

Lambda Expressions are nothing but shorthand representations of Python functions. Using list comprehensions with lambda creates an efficient combination. Let us look at the below examples:

Python3

# using lambda to print table of 10
numbers = []

for i in range(1, 6):
    numbers.append(i*10)

print(numbers)

Output

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Here, we have used for loop to print a table of 10.

Python3

numbers = [i*10 for i in range(1, 6)]

print(numbers)

Output

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

 Now here, we have used only list comprehension to display a table of 10.

Python3

# using lambda to print table of 10
numbers = list(map(lambda i: i*10, [i for i in range(1, 6)]))

print(numbers)

Output

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

Finally, we use lambda + list comprehension to display the table of 10. This combination is very useful to get efficient solutions in fewer lines of code for complex problems.

Conditionals in List Comprehension

We can also add conditional statements to the list comprehension. We can create a list using range(), operators, etc. and cal also apply some conditions to the list using the if statement.

Key Points

• Comprehension of the list is an effective means of describing and constructing lists based on current lists.
• Generally, list comprehension is more lightweight and simpler than standard list formation functions and loops.
• We should not write long codes for list comprehensions in order to ensure user-friendly code.
• Every comprehension of the list can be rewritten in for loop, but in the context of list interpretation, every for loop can not be rewritten.

Below are some examples which depict the use of list comprehensions rather than the traditional approach to iterate through iterables:

Example 1: Python List Comprehension Using If-else

Python3

lis = ["Even number" if i % 2 == 0
       else "Odd number" for i in range(8)]
print(lis)

Output

['Even number', 'Odd number', 'Even number', 'Odd number', 'Even number', 'Odd number', 'Even number', 'Odd number']

Example 2: Nested IF with List Comprehension

Python3

lis = [num for num in range(100)
       if num % 5 == 0 if num % 10 == 0]
print(lis)

Output

[0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90]

Example 3: Display square of numbers from 1 to 10.

Python3

# Getting square of number from 1 to 10
squares = [n**2 for n in range(1, 11)]

# Display square of even numbers
print(squares)

Output

[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

Example 4: Display Transpose of 2D- Matrix.

Python3

# Assign matrix
twoDMatrix = [[10, 20, 30],
              [40, 50, 60],
              [70, 80, 90]]

# Generate transpose
trans = [[i[j] for i in twoDMatrix] for j in range(len(twoDMatrix[0]))]

print(trans)

Output

[[10, 40, 70], [20, 50, 80], [30, 60, 90]]

Example 5: Toggle the case of each character in a string.

Python3

# Initializing string
string = 'Geeks4Geeks'

# Toggle case of each character
List = list(map(lambda i: chr(ord(i) ^ 32), string))

# Display list
print(List)

Output

['g', 'E', 'E', 'K', 'S', '\x14', 'g', 'E', 'E', 'K', 'S']

Example 6: Reverse each string in a tuple.

Python3

# Reverse each string in tuple
List = [string[::-1] for string in ('Geeks', 'for', 'Geeks')]

# Display list
print(List)

Output

['skeeG', 'rof', 'skeeG']

Example 7: Display the sum of digits of all the odd elements in a list.

Python3

# Explicit function
def digitSum(n):
    dsum = 0
    for ele in str(n):
        dsum += int(ele)
    return dsum


# Initializing list
List = [367, 111, 562, 945, 6726, 873]

# Using the function on odd elements of the list
newList = [digitSum(i) for i in List if i & 1]

# Displaying new list
print(newList)

Output

[16, 3, 18, 18]