Print a given matrix in spiral form

Given a 2D array, print it in spiral form. See the following examples.

Examples:

Input:  {{1,    2,   3,   4},
              {5,    6,   7,   8},
             {9,   10,  11,  12},
            {13,  14,  15,  16 }}
Output: 1 2 3 4 8 12 16 15 14 13 9 5 6 7 11 10 
Explanation: The output is matrix in spiral format. 

Input: { {1,   2,   3,   4,  5,   6},
           {7,   8,   9,  10,  11,  12},
          {13,  14,  15, 16,  17,  18}}

Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 18 17 16 15 14 13 7 8 9 10 11
Explanation :The output is matrix in spiral format.

Best Optimized Method 1: (Simulation Approach)

Intuition:
Draw the path that the spiral makes. We know that the path should turn clockwise whenever it would go out of bounds or into a cell that was previously visited.

Algorithm:
Let the array have R rows and C columns. seen[r] denotes that the cell on the r-th row and c-th column was previously visited. Our current position is (r, c), facing direction di, and we want to visit R x C total cells.
As we move through the matrix, our candidate’s next position is (cr, cc). If the candidate is in the bounds of the matrix and unseen, then it becomes our next position; otherwise, our next position is the one after performing a clockwise turn.

C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

vector<int> spiralOrder(vector<vector<int> >& matrix)
{
    int m = matrix.size(), n = matrix[0].size();
    vector<int> ans;

    if (m == 0)
        return ans;

    vector<vector<bool> > seen(m, vector<bool>(n, false));
    int dr[] = { 0, 1, 0, -1 };
    int dc[] = { 1, 0, -1, 0 };

    int x = 0, y = 0, di = 0;

    // Iterate from 0 to m * n - 1
    for (int i = 0; i < m * n; i++) {
        ans.push_back(matrix[x][y]);
        // on normal geeksforgeeks ui page it is showing
        // 'ans.push_back(matrix[x])' which gets copied as
        // this only and gives error on compilation,
        seen[x][y] = true;
        int newX = x + dr[di];
        int newY = y + dc[di];

        if (0 <= newX && newX < m && 0 <= newY && newY < n
            && !seen[newX][newY]) {
            x = newX;
            y = newY;
        }
        else {
            di = (di + 1) % 4;
            x += dr[di];
            y += dc[di];
        }
    }
    return ans;
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
    vector<vector<int> > a{ { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
                            { 5, 6, 7, 8 },
                            { 9, 10, 11, 12 },
                            { 13, 14, 15, 16 } };

    for (int x : spiralOrder(a)) {
        cout << x << " ";
    }
    return 0;
}

// This code is contributed by Yashvendra Singh

Java

// Java program for the above approach
import java.util.*;

class Solution {

    // Function to print in spiral order
    public static List<Integer> spiralOrder(int[][] matrix) {
        List<Integer> ans = new ArrayList<Integer>();

        if (matrix.length == 0)
            return ans;

        int m = matrix.length, n = matrix[0].length;
        boolean[][] seen = new boolean[m][n];
        int[] dr = { 0, 1, 0, -1 };
        int[] dc = { 1, 0, -1, 0 };
        int x = 0, y = 0, di = 0;

        // Iterate from 0 to R * C - 1
        for (int i = 0; i < m * n; i++) {
            ans.add(matrix[x][y]);
            seen[x][y] = true;
            int cr = x + dr[di];
            int cc = y + dc[di];

            if (0 <= cr && cr < m && 0 <= cc && cc < n
                    && !seen[cr][cc]) {
                x = cr;
                y = cc;
            } else {
                di = (di + 1) % 4;
                x += dr[di];
                y += dc[di];
            }
        }
        return ans;
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a[][] = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
                { 5, 6, 7, 8 },
                { 9, 10, 11, 12 },
                { 13, 14, 15, 16 } };

        System.out.println(spiralOrder(a));
    }
}

Python3

def spiralOrder(matrix):
    ans = []

    if (len(matrix) == 0):
        return ans

    m = len(matrix)
    n = len(matrix[0])
    seen = [[0 for i in range(n)] for j in range(m)]
    dr = [0, 1, 0, -1]
    dc = [1, 0, -1, 0]
    x = 0
    y = 0
    di = 0

    # Iterate from 0 to R * C - 1
    for i in range(m * n):
        ans.append(matrix[x][y])
        seen[x][y] = True
        cr = x + dr[di]
        cc = y + dc[di]

        if (0 <= cr and cr < m and 0 <= cc and cc < n and not(seen[cr][cc])):
            x = cr
            y = cc
        else:
            di = (di + 1) % 4
            x += dr[di]
            y += dc[di]
    return ans


# Driver code
a = [[1, 2, 3, 4],
     [5, 6, 7, 8],
     [9, 10, 11, 12],
     [13, 14, 15, 16]]

for x in spiralOrder(a):
    print(x, end=" ")
print()

C#

// C# program for the above approach
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

public class GFG {

    // Function to print in spiral order
    public static List<int> spiralOrder(int[,] matrix)
    {
        List<int> ans = new List<int>();

        if (matrix.Length == 0)
            return ans;

        int R = matrix.GetLength(0), C = matrix.GetLength(1);
        bool[,] seen = new bool[R,C];
        int[] dr = { 0, 1, 0, -1 };
        int[] dc = { 1, 0, -1, 0 };
        int r = 0, c = 0, di = 0;

        // Iterate from 0 to R * C - 1
        for (int i = 0; i < R * C; i++) {
            ans.Add(matrix[r,c]);
            seen[r,c] = true;
            int cr = r + dr[di];
            int cc = c + dc[di];

            if (0 <= cr && cr < R && 0 <= cc && cc < C
                && !seen[cr,cc]) {
                r = cr;
                c = cc;
            }
            else {
                di = (di + 1) % 4;
                r += dr[di];
                c += dc[di];
            }
        }
        return ans;
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        int[,]a = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
                      { 5, 6, 7, 8 },
                      { 9, 10, 11, 12 },
                      { 13, 14, 15, 16 } };

        spiralOrder(a).ForEach(i=>Console.Write(i+" "));
    }
}

// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar

Javascript

<script>

// JavaScript program for the above approach

// Function to print in spiral order
function spiralOrder(matrix)
{
    let ans = [];

        if (matrix.length == 0)
            return ans;

        let R = matrix.length, C = matrix[0].length;
        let seen = new Array(R);
        for(let i=0;i<R;i++)
        {
            seen[i]=new Array(C);
            for(let j=0;j<C;j++)
            {
                seen[i][j]=false;
            }
        }

        let dr = [ 0, 1, 0, -1 ];
        let dc = [ 1, 0, -1, 0 ];
        let r = 0, c = 0, di = 0;

        // Iterate from 0 to R * C - 1
        for (let i = 0; i < R * C; i++) {
            ans.push(matrix[r]);
            seen[r] = true;
            let cr = r + dr[di];
            let cc = c + dc[di];

            if (0 <= cr && cr < R && 0 <= cc && cc < C
                && !seen[cr][cc]) {
                r = cr;
                c = cc;
            }
            else {
                di = (di + 1) % 4;
                r += dr[di];
                c += dc[di];
            }
        }
        return ans;
}

// Driver Code
let a=[[ 1, 2, 3, 4 ],[ 5, 6, 7, 8 ],
[ 9, 10, 11, 12 ],[ 13, 14, 15, 16 ]];
document.write(spiralOrder(a));



// This code is contributed by unknown2108

</script>

Output

1 2 3 4 8 12 16 15 14 13 9 5 6 7 11 10 

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O(N), where N is the total number of elements in the input matrix. We add every element in the matrix to our final answer.
• Auxiliary Space: O(N), the information stored in seen and in ans.

Method 2: This is a simple method to solve the following problem. 
Approach: The problem can be solved by dividing the matrix into loops or squares or boundaries. It can be seen that the elements of the outer loop are printed first in a clockwise manner then the elements of the inner loop is printed. So printing the elements of a loop can be solved using four loops that print all the elements. Every ‘for’ loop defines a single direction movement along with the matrix. The first for loop represents the movement from left to right, whereas the second crawl represents the movement from top to bottom, the third represents the movement from the right to left, and the fourth represents the movement from bottom to up.

• Algorithm:
  1. Create and initialize variables k – starting row index, m – ending row index, l – starting column index, n – ending column index
  2. Run a loop until all the squares of loops are printed.
  3. In each outer loop traversal print the elements of a square in a clockwise manner.
  4. Print the top row, i.e. Print the elements of the kth row from column index l to n, and increase the count of k.
  5. Print the right column, i.e. Print the last column or n-1th column from row index k to m and decrease the count of n.
  6. Print the bottom row, i.e. if k < m, then print the elements of m-1th row from column n-1 to l and decrease the count of m
  7. Print the left column, i.e. if l < n, then print the elements of lth column from m-1th row to k and increase the count of l.

Below is the implementation of the above algorithm: 

C++

// C++ Program to print a matrix spirally

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define R 4
#define C 4

void spiralPrint(int m, int n, int a[R][C])
{
    int i, k = 0, l = 0;

    /* k - starting row index
        m - ending row index
        l - starting column index
        n - ending column index
        i - iterator
    */

    while (k < m && l < n) {
        /* Print the first row from
               the remaining rows */
        for (i = l; i < n; ++i) {
            cout << a[k][i] << " ";
        }
        k++;

        /* Print the last column
         from the remaining columns */
        for (i = k; i < m; ++i) {
            cout << a[i][n - 1] << " ";
        }
        n--;

        /* Print the last row from
                the remaining rows */
        if (k < m) {
            for (i = n - 1; i >= l; --i) {
                cout << a[m - 1][i] << " ";
            }
            m--;
        }

        /* Print the first column from
                   the remaining columns */
        if (l < n) {
            for (i = m - 1; i >= k; --i) {
                cout << a[i][l] << " ";
            }
            l++;
        }
    }
}

/* Driver Code */
int main()
{
    int a[R][C] = {{1, 2, 3, 4},
                   {5, 6, 7, 8},
                   {9, 10, 11, 12},
                   {13, 14, 15, 16}};

    // Function Call
    spiralPrint(R, C, a);
    return 0;
}

// This is code is contributed by rathbhupendra

C

// C program to print the array in a
// spiral form

#include <stdio.h>
#define R 4
#define C 4

void spiralPrint(int m, int n, int a[R][C])
{
    int i, k = 0, l = 0;

    /*  k - starting row index
        m - ending row index
        l - starting column index
        n - ending column index
        i - iterator
    */

    while (k < m && l < n) {
        /* Print the first row from the remaining rows */
        for (i = l; i < n; ++i) {
            printf("%d ", a[k][i]);
        }
        k++;

        /* Print the last column from the remaining columns
         */
        for (i = k; i < m; ++i) {
            printf("%d ", a[i][n - 1]);
        }
        n--;

        /* Print the last row from the remaining rows */
        if (k < m) {
            for (i = n - 1; i >= l; --i) {
                printf("%d ", a[m - 1][i]);
            }
            m--;
        }

        /* Print the first column from the remaining columns
         */
        if (l < n) {
            for (i = m - 1; i >= k; --i) {
                printf("%d ", a[i][l]);
            }
            l++;
        }
    }
}

/* Driver Code */
int main()
{
    int a[R][C] =  {{1, 2, 3, 4},
                   {5, 6, 7, 8},
                   {9, 10, 11, 12},
                   {13, 14, 15, 16}};

    // Function Call
    spiralPrint(R, C, a);
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program to print a given matrix in spiral form
import java.io.*;

class GFG {

    // Function print matrix in spiral form
    static void spiralPrint(int m, int n, int a[][])
    {
        int i, k = 0, l = 0;

        /*  k - starting row index
        m - ending row index
        l - starting column index
        n - ending column index
        i - iterator
        */

        while (k < m && l < n) {
            // Print the first row from the remaining rows
            for (i = l; i < n; ++i) {
                System.out.print(a[k][i] + " ");
            }
            k++;

            // Print the last column from the remaining
            // columns
            for (i = k; i < m; ++i) {
                System.out.print(a[i][n - 1] + " ");
            }
            n--;

            // Print the last row from the remaining rows */
            if (k < m) {
                for (i = n - 1; i >= l; --i) {
                    System.out.print(a[m - 1][i] + " ");
                }
                m--;
            }

            // Print the first column from the remaining
            // columns */
            if (l < n) {
                for (i = m - 1; i >= k; --i) {
                    System.out.print(a[i][l] + " ");
                }
                l++;
            }
        }
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int R = 4;
        int C = 4;
        int a[][] =  {{1, 2, 3, 4},
                   {5, 6, 7, 8},
                   {9, 10, 11, 12},
                   {13, 14, 15, 16}};

        // Function Call
        spiralPrint(R, C, a);
    }
}

// Contributed by Pramod Kumar

Python3

# Python3 program to print
# given matrix in spiral form


def spiralPrint(m, n, a):
    k = 0
    l = 0

    ''' k - starting row index
        m - ending row index
        l - starting column index
        n - ending column index
        i - iterator '''

    while (k < m and l < n):

        # Print the first row from
        # the remaining rows
        for i in range(l, n):
            print(a[k][i], end=" ")

        k += 1

        # Print the last column from
        # the remaining columns
        for i in range(k, m):
            print(a[i][n - 1], end=" ")

        n -= 1

        # Print the last row from
        # the remaining rows
        if (k < m):

            for i in range(n - 1, (l - 1), -1):
                print(a[m - 1][i], end=" ")

            m -= 1

        # Print the first column from
        # the remaining columns
        if (l < n):
            for i in range(m - 1, k - 1, -1):
                print(a[i][l], end=" ")

            l += 1


# Driver Code
a = [[ 1, 2, 3, 4 ],
     [ 5, 6, 7, 8 ],
     [ 9, 10, 11, 12 ],
     [ 13, 14, 15, 16 ]]

R = 4
C = 4

# Function Call
spiralPrint(R, C, a)

# This code is contributed by Nikita Tiwari.

C#

// C# program to print a given
// matrix in spiral form
using System;

class GFG {
    // Function print matrix in spiral form
    static void spiralPrint(int m, int n, int[, ] a)
    {
        int i, k = 0, l = 0;
        /* k - starting row index
        m - ending row index
        l - starting column index
        n - ending column index
        i - iterator
        */

        while (k < m && l < n) {
            // Print the first row
            // from the remaining rows
            for (i = l; i < n; ++i) {
                Console.Write(a[k, i] + " ");
            }
            k++;

            // Print the last column from the
            // remaining columns
            for (i = k; i < m; ++i) {
                Console.Write(a[i, n - 1] + " ");
            }
            n--;

            // Print the last row from
            // the remaining rows
            if (k < m) {
                for (i = n - 1; i >= l; --i) {
                    Console.Write(a[m - 1, i] + " ");
                }
                m--;
            }

            // Print the first column from
            // the remaining columns
            if (l < n) {
                for (i = m - 1; i >= k; --i) {
                    Console.Write(a[i, l] + " ");
                }
                l++;
            }
        }
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void Main()
    {
        int R = 4;
        int C = 4;
        int[, ] a =  {{1, 2, 3, 4},
                   {5, 6, 7, 8},
                   {9, 10, 11, 12},
                   {13, 14, 15, 16}};

        // Function Call
        spiralPrint(R, C, a);
    }
}

// This code is contributed by Sam007

PHP

<?php
// PHP program to print a given
// matrix in spiral form
$R = 4;
$C = 4;

function spiralPrint($m, $n, &$a)
{
    $k = 0;
    $l = 0;

    /* $k - starting row index
        $m - ending row index
        $l - starting column index
        $n - ending column index
        $i - iterator
    */

    while ($k < $m && $l < $n)
    {
        /* Print the first row from
           the remaining rows */
        for ($i = $l; $i < $n; ++$i)
        {
            echo $a[$k][$i] . " ";
        }
        $k++;

        /* Print the last column
        from the remaining columns */
        for ($i = $k; $i < $m; ++$i)
        {
            echo $a[$i][$n - 1] . " ";
        }
        $n--;

        /* Print the last row from
           the remaining rows */
        if ($k < $m)
        {
            for ($i = $n - 1; $i >= $l; --$i)
            {
                echo $a[$m - 1][$i] . " ";
            }
            $m--;
        }

        /* Print the first column from
           the remaining columns */
        if ($l < $n)
        {
            for ($i = $m - 1; $i >= $k; --$i)
            {
                echo $a[$i][$l] . " ";
            }
            $l++;
        }
    }
}

// Driver code
$a = array(array(1, 2, 3, 4),
           array(5, 6, 7, 8),
           array(9, 10, 11, 12),
           array(13, 14, 15, 16));
// Function Call
spiralPrint($R, $C, $a);

// This code is contributed
// by ChitraNayal
?>

Javascript

<script>

// JavaScript Program to print a matrix spirally

function spiralPrint(m, n, arr) {
    let i, k = 0, l = 0;
    /*
        k - starting row index
        m - ending row index
        l - starting column index
        n - ending column index
        i - iterator
    */

    while (k < m && l < n) {
        // print the first row from the remaining rows
        for (i = l; i < n; ++i) {
            document.write(arr[k][i] + ' ');
        }
        k++;

        // print the last column from the remaining columns
        for (i = k; i < m; ++i) {
            document.write(arr[i][n - 1] + ' ');
        }
        n--;

        // print the last row from the remaining rows
        if (k < m) {
            for (i = n - 1; i >= l; --i) {
                document.write(arr[m - 1][i] + ' ');
            }
            m--;
        }

        // print the first column from the remaining columns
        if (l < n) {
            for (i = m - 1; i >= k; --i) {
                document.write(arr[i][l] + ' ');
            }
            l++;
        }
    }
}

// function call
let arr = [[ 1, 2, 3, 4 ],
     [ 5, 6, 7, 8 ],
     [ 9, 10, 11, 12 ],
     [ 13, 14, 15, 16 ]];
let r = arr.length;
let c = arr[0].length;

spiralPrint(r, c, arr);

// This code is contributed by karthiksrinivasprasad

</script>

Output

1 2 3 4 8 12 16 15 14 13 9 5 6 7 11 10 

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O(m*n). 
  To traverse the matrix O(m*n) time is required.
• Auxiliary Space: O(1). 
  No extra space is required.

Method 3: (Recursive Approach)
Approach: The above problem can be solved by printing the boundary of the Matrix recursively. In each recursive call, we decrease the dimensions of the matrix. The idea of printing the boundary or loops is the same.

• Algorithm:
  1. create a recursive function that takes a matrix and some variables (k – starting row index, m – ending row index, l – starting column index, n – ending column index) as parameters
  2. Check the base cases (starting index is less than or equal to ending index) and print the boundary elements in clockwise manner
  3. Print the top row, i.e. Print the elements of kth row from column index l to n, and increase the count of k.
  4. Print the right column, i.e. Print the last column or n-1th column from row index k to m and decrease the count of n.
  5. Print the bottom row, i.e. if k > m, then print the elements of m-1th row from column n-1 to l and decrease the count of m
  6. Print the left column, i.e. if l < n, then print the elements of lth column from m-1th row to k and increase the count of l.
  7. Call the function recursively with the values of starting and ending indices of rows and columns.

Below is the implementation of the above algorithm: 

C++

// C++. program for the above approach
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

#define R 4
#define C 4

// Function for printing matrix in spiral
// form i, j: Start index of matrix, row
// and column respectively m, n: End index
// of matrix row and column respectively
void print(int arr[R][C], int i, int j, int m, int n)
{
    // If i or j lies outside the matrix
    if (i >= m or j >= n)
        return;

    // Print First Row
    for (int p = j; p < n; p++)
        cout << arr[i][p] << " ";

    // Print Last Column
    for (int p = i + 1; p < m; p++)
        cout << arr[p][n - 1] << " ";

    // Print Last Row, if Last and
    // First Row are not same
    if ((m - 1) != i)
        for (int p = n - 2; p >= j; p--)
            cout << arr[m - 1][p] << " ";

    // Print First Column,  if Last and
    // First Column are not same
    if ((n - 1) != j)
        for (int p = m - 2; p > i; p--)
            cout << arr[p][j] << " ";

    print(arr, i + 1, j + 1, m - 1, n - 1);
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{

    int a[R][C] = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
                    { 5, 6, 7, 8 },
                    { 9, 10, 11, 12 },
                    { 13, 14, 15, 16 } };

    // Function Call
    print(a, 0, 0, R, C);
    return 0;
}
// This Code is contributed by Ankur Goel

Java

// Java program for the above approach
import java.util.*;

class GFG {
    static int R = 4;
    static int C = 4;

    // Function for printing matrix in spiral
    // form i, j: Start index of matrix, row
    // and column respectively m, n: End index
    // of matrix row and column respectively
    static void print(int arr[][], int i, int j, int m,
                      int n)
    {
        // If i or j lies outside the matrix
        if (i >= m || j >= n) {
            return;
        }

        // Print First Row
        for (int p = i; p < n; p++) {
            System.out.print(arr[i][p] + " ");
        }

        // Print Last Column
        for (int p = i + 1; p < m; p++) {
            System.out.print(arr[p][n - 1] + " ");
        }

        // Print Last Row, if Last and
        // First Row are not same
        if ((m - 1) != i) {
            for (int p = n - 2; p >= j; p--) {
                System.out.print(arr[m - 1][p] + " ");
            }
        }

        // Print First Column, if Last and
        // First Column are not same
        if ((n - 1) != j) {
            for (int p = m - 2; p > i; p--) {
                System.out.print(arr[p][j] + " ");
            }
        }
        print(arr, i + 1, j + 1, m - 1, n - 1);
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int a[][] = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
                      { 5, 6, 7, 8 },
                      { 9, 10, 11, 12 },
                      { 13, 14, 15, 16 } };

        // Function Call
        print(a, 0, 0, R, C);
    }
}

// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar

Python3

# Python3 program for the above approach

# Function for printing matrix in spiral
# form i, j: Start index of matrix, row
# and column respectively m, n: End index
# of matrix row and column respectively


def printdata(arr, i, j, m, n):

    # If i or j lies outside the matrix
    if (i >= m or j >= n):
        return

    # Print First Row
    for p in range(i, n):
        print(arr[i][p], end=" ")

    # Print Last Column
    for p in range(i + 1, m):
        print(arr[p][n - 1], end=" ")

    # Print Last Row, if Last and
    # First Row are not same
    if ((m - 1) != i):
        for p in range(n - 2, j - 1, -1):
            print(arr[m - 1][p], end=" ")

    # Print First Column, if Last and
    # First Column are not same
    if ((n - 1) != j):
        for p in range(m - 2, i, -1):
            print(arr[p][j], end=" ")

    printdata(arr, i + 1, j + 1, m - 1, n - 1)


# Driver code
R = 4
C = 4
arr = [[1, 2, 3, 4],
       [5, 6, 7, 8],
       [9, 10, 11, 12],
       [13, 14, 15, 16]]

# Function Call
printdata(arr, 0, 0, R, C)

# This code is contributed by avsadityavardhan

C#

// C# program for the above approach
using System;

class GFG {
    static int R = 4;
    static int C = 4;

    // Function for printing matrix in spiral
    // form i, j: Start index of matrix, row
    // and column respectively m, n: End index
    // of matrix row and column respectively
    static void print(int[, ] arr, int i, int j, int m,
                      int n)
    {
        // If i or j lies outside the matrix
        if (i >= m || j >= n) {
            return;
        }

        // Print First Row
        for (int p = i; p < n; p++) {
            Console.Write(arr[i, p] + " ");
        }

        // Print Last Column
        for (int p = i + 1; p < m; p++) {
            Console.Write(arr[p, n - 1] + " ");
        }

        // Print Last Row, if Last and
        // First Row are not same
        if ((m - 1) != i) {
            for (int p = n - 2; p >= j; p--) {
                Console.Write(arr[m - 1, p] + " ");
            }
        }

        // Print First Column, if Last and
        // First Column are not same
        if ((n - 1) != j) {
            for (int p = m - 2; p > i; p--) {
                Console.Write(arr[p, j] + " ");
            }
        }
        print(arr, i + 1, j + 1, m - 1, n - 1);
    }

    // Driver Code
    public static void Main(String[] args)
    {
        int[, ] a = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
                      { 5, 6, 7, 8 },
                      { 9, 10, 11, 12 },
                      { 13, 14, 15, 16 } };
        // Function Call
        print(a, 0, 0, R, C);
    }
}

// This code is contributed by Princi Singh

Javascript

<script>
// JavaScript program for the above approach

// Function for printing matrix in spiral
// form i, j: Start index of matrix, row
// and column respectively m, n: End index
// of matrix row and column respectively

function print(arr, i, j, m, n) {

    // If i or j lies outside the matrix
    if (i >= m || j >= n) return;

    // Print First Row
    for (let p = j; p < n; p++) {
        document.write(arr[i][p] + ' ')
    }

    // Print Last Column
    for (let p = i + 1; p < m; p++) {
        document.write(arr[p][n - 1] + ' ')
    }

    // Print Last Row, if Last and
    // First Row are not same
    if ((m - 1) != i) {
        for (let p = n - 2; p >= j; p--) {
            document.write(arr[m - 1][p] + ' ');
        }
    }

    // Print First Column, if Last and
    // First Column are not same
    if ((n - 1) != j) {
        for (let p = m - 2; p > i; p--) {
            document.write(arr[p][j] + ' ');
        }
    }
    print(arr, i + 1, j + 1, m - 1, n - 1)
}

// function call
let arr = [ [1, 2, 3, 4],
            [5, 6, 7, 8],
            [9, 10, 11, 12],
            [13, 14, 15, 16]
           ];
let r = arr.length;
let c = arr[0].length;

print(arr, 0, 0, r, c);

// This code is contributed by karthiksrinivasprasad

</script>

Output

1 2 3 4 8 12 16 15 14 13 9 5 6 7 11 10 

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O(m*n). 
  To traverse the matrix O(m*n) time is required.
• Auxiliary Space: O(1). 
  No extra space is required.

Method 4: (DFS Recursive Approach)
Approach: Another recursive approach is to consider DFS movement within the matrix (right->down->left->up->right->..->end).

We do this by modifying the matrix itself such that when DFS algorithm visits each matrix cell it’s changed to a value which cannot be contained within the matrix. The DFS algorithm is terminated when it visits a cell such that all of its surrounding cells are already visited. The direction of the DFS search is controlled by a variable. 

Algorithm: 

1. create a DFS function that takes matrix, cell indices and direction
2. checks are cell indices pointing to a valid cell (that is, not visited and in bounds)? if not, skip this cell
3. print cell value
4. mark matrix cell pointed by indicates as visited by changing it to a value not supported in the matrix
5. check are surrounding cells valid? if not stop the algorithm, else continue
6. if the direction given right then check, if the cell to the right is valid? if so, DFS to the right cell given the steps above, else, change the direction to down and DFS downwards given the steps above.
7. else, if the direction given is down then check, if the cell to the down is valid? if so, DFS to the cell below given the steps above,                else, change the direction to left and DFS leftwards given the steps above.
8. else, if the direction given is left then check, if the cell to the left is valid? if so, DFS to the left cell given the steps above,                           else, change the direction to up and DFS upwards given the steps above.
9. else, if the direction given is up then check, if the cell to the up is valid? if so, DFS to the upper cell given the steps above,                           else, change the direction to right and DFS rightwards given the steps above.

Below is an implementation of this algorithm: 

C++

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
#define R 4
#define C 4

bool isInBounds(int i, int j)
{
    if (i < 0 || i >= R || j < 0 || j >= C)
        return false;
    return true;
}

// check if the position is blocked
bool isBlocked(int matrix[R][C], int i, int j)
{
    if (!isInBounds(i, j))
        return true;
    if (matrix[i][j] == -1)
        return true;
    return false;
}

// DFS code to traverse spirally
void spirallyDFSTravserse(int matrix[R][C], int i, int j,
                          int dir, vector<int>& res)
{
    if (isBlocked(matrix, i, j))
        return;
    bool allBlocked = true;
    for (int k = -1; k <= 1; k += 2) {
        allBlocked = allBlocked
                     && isBlocked(matrix, k + i, j)
                     && isBlocked(matrix, i, j + k);
    }
    res.push_back(matrix[i][j]);
    matrix[i][j] = -1;
    if (allBlocked) {
        return;
    }

    // dir: 0 - right, 1 - down, 2 - left, 3 - up
    int nxt_i = i;
    int nxt_j = j;
    int nxt_dir = dir;
    if (dir == 0) {
        if (!isBlocked(matrix, i, j + 1)) {
            nxt_j++;
        }
        else {
            nxt_dir = 1;
            nxt_i++;
        }
    }
    else if (dir == 1) {
        if (!isBlocked(matrix, i + 1, j)) {
            nxt_i++;
        }
        else {
            nxt_dir = 2;
            nxt_j--;
        }
    }
    else if (dir == 2) {
        if (!isBlocked(matrix, i, j - 1)) {
            nxt_j--;
        }
        else {
            nxt_dir = 3;
            nxt_i--;
        }
    }
    else if (dir == 3) {
        if (!isBlocked(matrix, i - 1, j)) {
            nxt_i--;
        }
        else {
            nxt_dir = 0;
            nxt_j++;
        }
    }
    spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, nxt_i, nxt_j, nxt_dir,
                         res);
}

// to traverse spirally
vector<int> spirallyTraverse(int matrix[R][C])
{
    vector<int> res;
    spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, 0, 0, 0, res);
    return res;
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int a[R][C] = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
                    { 5, 6, 7, 8 },
                    { 9, 10, 11, 12 },
                    { 13, 14, 15, 16 } };

    // Function Call
    vector<int> res = spirallyTraverse(a);
    int size = res.size();
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
        cout << res[i] << " ";
    cout << endl;
    return 0;
} // code contributed by Ephi F

Java

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

class GFG {
    public static int R = 4, C = 4;
    public static boolean isInBounds(int i, int j)
    {
        if (i < 0 || i >= R || j < 0 || j >= C)
            return false;
        return true;
    }

    // check if the position is blocked
    public static boolean isBlocked(int[][] matrix, int i,
                                    int j)
    {
        if (!isInBounds(i, j))
            return true;
        if (matrix[i][j] == -1)
            return true;
        return false;
    }

    // DFS code to traverse spirally
    public static void
    spirallyDFSTravserse(int[][] matrix, int i, int j,
                         int dir, ArrayList<Integer> res)
    {
        if (isBlocked(matrix, i, j))
            return;
        boolean allBlocked = true;
        for (int k = -1; k <= 1; k += 2) {
            allBlocked = allBlocked
                         && isBlocked(matrix, k + i, j)
                         && isBlocked(matrix, i, j + k);
        }
        res.add(matrix[i][j]);
        matrix[i][j] = -1;
        if (allBlocked) {
            return;
        }

        // dir: 0 - right, 1 - down, 2 - left, 3 - up
        int nxt_i = i;
        int nxt_j = j;
        int nxt_dir = dir;
        if (dir == 0) {
            if (!isBlocked(matrix, i, j + 1)) {
                nxt_j++;
            }
            else {
                nxt_dir = 1;
                nxt_i++;
            }
        }
        else if (dir == 1) {
            if (!isBlocked(matrix, i + 1, j)) {
                nxt_i++;
            }
            else {
                nxt_dir = 2;
                nxt_j--;
            }
        }
        else if (dir == 2) {
            if (!isBlocked(matrix, i, j - 1)) {
                nxt_j--;
            }
            else {
                nxt_dir = 3;
                nxt_i--;
            }
        }
        else if (dir == 3) {
            if (!isBlocked(matrix, i - 1, j)) {
                nxt_i--;
            }
            else {
                nxt_dir = 0;
                nxt_j++;
            }
        }
        spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, nxt_i, nxt_j, nxt_dir,
                             res);
    }

    // to traverse spirally
    public static ArrayList<Integer>
    spirallyTraverse(int[][] matrix)
    {
        ArrayList<Integer> res = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, 0, 0, 0, res);
        return res;
    }

    // Driver code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int a[][] = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
                      { 5, 6, 7, 8 },
                      { 9, 10, 11, 12 },
                      { 13, 14, 15, 16 } };

        // Function Call
        ArrayList<Integer> res = spirallyTraverse(a);
        int size = res.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
            System.out.print(res.get(i) + " ");
        System.out.println();
    }
}

// This code is contributed by Manu Pathria

Python3

R = 4
C = 4


def isInBounds(i, j):
    global R
    global C
    if (i < 0 or i >= R or j < 0 or j >= C):
        return False
    return True

# Check if the position is blocked


def isBlocked(matrix, i, j):
    if (not isInBounds(i, j)):
        return True
    if (matrix[i][j] == -1):
        return True

    return False

# DFS code to traverse spirally


def spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, i, j, Dir, res):
    if (isBlocked(matrix, i, j)):
        return

    allBlocked = True
    for k in range(-1, 2, 2):
        allBlocked = allBlocked and isBlocked(
            matrix, k + i, j) and isBlocked(matrix, i, j + k)

    res.append(matrix[i][j])
    matrix[i][j] = -1
    if (allBlocked):
        return

    # dir: 0 - right, 1 - down, 2 - left, 3 - up
    nxt_i = i
    nxt_j = j
    nxt_dir = Dir
    if (Dir == 0):
        if (not isBlocked(matrix, i, j + 1)):
            nxt_j += 1
        else:
            nxt_dir = 1
            nxt_i += 1

    elif(Dir == 1):
        if (not isBlocked(matrix, i + 1, j)):
            nxt_i += 1
        else:
            nxt_dir = 2
            nxt_j -= 1

    elif(Dir == 2):
        if (not isBlocked(matrix, i, j - 1)):
            nxt_j -= 1
        else:
            nxt_dir = 3
            nxt_i -= 1

    elif(Dir == 3):
        if (not isBlocked(matrix, i - 1, j)):
            nxt_i -= 1
        else:
            nxt_dir = 0
            nxt_j += 1

    spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, nxt_i, nxt_j, nxt_dir, res)

# To traverse spirally


def spirallyTraverse(matrix):
    res = []
    spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, 0, 0, 0, res)
    return res


# Driver code
a = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11, 12], [13, 14, 15, 16]]

# Function Call
res = spirallyTraverse(a)
print(*res)

# This code is contributed by rag2127

C#

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;

class GFG {

    public static int R = 4, C = 4;
    public static bool isInBounds(int i, int j)
    {
        if (i < 0 || i >= R || j < 0 || j >= C)
            return false;

        return true;
    }

    // Check if the position is blocked
    public static bool isBlocked(int[, ] matrix, int i,
                                 int j)
    {
        if (!isInBounds(i, j))
            return true;
        if (matrix[i, j] == -1)
            return true;
        return false;
    }

    // DFS code to traverse spirally
    public static void spirallyDFSTravserse(int[, ] matrix,
                                            int i, int j,
                                            int dir,
                                            List<int> res)
    {
        if (isBlocked(matrix, i, j))
            return;

        bool allBlocked = true;

        for (int k = -1; k <= 1; k += 2) {
            allBlocked = allBlocked
                         && isBlocked(matrix, k + i, j)
                         && isBlocked(matrix, i, j + k);
        }
        res.Add(matrix[i, j]);
        matrix[i, j] = -1;

        if (allBlocked) {
            return;
        }

        // dir: 0 - right, 1 - down, 2 - left, 3 - up
        int nxt_i = i;
        int nxt_j = j;
        int nxt_dir = dir;
        if (dir == 0) {
            if (!isBlocked(matrix, i, j + 1)) {
                nxt_j++;
            }
            else {
                nxt_dir = 1;
                nxt_i++;
            }
        }
        else if (dir == 1) {
            if (!isBlocked(matrix, i + 1, j)) {
                nxt_i++;
            }
            else {
                nxt_dir = 2;
                nxt_j--;
            }
        }
        else if (dir == 2) {
            if (!isBlocked(matrix, i, j - 1)) {
                nxt_j--;
            }
            else {
                nxt_dir = 3;
                nxt_i--;
            }
        }
        else if (dir == 3) {
            if (!isBlocked(matrix, i - 1, j)) {
                nxt_i--;
            }
            else {
                nxt_dir = 0;
                nxt_j++;
            }
        }
        spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, nxt_i, nxt_j, nxt_dir,
                             res);
    }

    // To traverse spirally
    public static List<int> spirallyTraverse(int[, ] matrix)
    {
        List<int> res = new List<int>();
        spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, 0, 0, 0, res);
        return res;
    }

    // Driver code
    static public void Main()
    {
        int[, ] a = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
                      { 5, 6, 7, 8 },
                      { 9, 10, 11, 12 },
                      { 13, 14, 15, 16 } };

        // Function Call
        List<int> res = spirallyTraverse(a);
        int size = res.Count;

        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i)
            Console.Write(res[i] + " ");

        Console.WriteLine();
    }
}

// This code is contributed by avanitrachhadiya2155

Javascript

<script>

var R = 4, C = 4;
function isInBounds(i, j)
{
    if (i < 0 || i >= R || j < 0 || j >= C)
        return false;
    return true;
}
// Check if the position is blocked
function isBlocked(matrix, i, j)
{
    if (!isInBounds(i, j))
        return true;
    if (matrix[i][j] == -1)
        return true;
    return false;
}
// DFS code to traverse spirally
function spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, i, j, dir, res)
{
    if (isBlocked(matrix, i, j))
        return;
    var allBlocked = true;
    for (var k = -1; k <= 1; k += 2) {
        allBlocked = allBlocked
                     && isBlocked(matrix, k + i, j)
                     && isBlocked(matrix, i, j + k);
    }
    res.push(matrix[i][j]);
    matrix[i][j] = -1;
    if (allBlocked) {
        return;
    }
    // dir: 0 - right, 1 - down, 2 - left, 3 - up
    var nxt_i = i;
    var nxt_j = j;
    var nxt_dir = dir;
    if (dir == 0) {
        if (!isBlocked(matrix, i, j + 1)) {
            nxt_j++;
        }
        else {
            nxt_dir = 1;
            nxt_i++;
        }
    }
    else if (dir == 1) {
        if (!isBlocked(matrix, i + 1, j)) {
            nxt_i++;
        }
        else {
            nxt_dir = 2;
            nxt_j--;
        }
    }
    else if (dir == 2) {
        if (!isBlocked(matrix, i, j - 1)) {
            nxt_j--;
        }
        else {
            nxt_dir = 3;
            nxt_i--;
        }
    }
    else if (dir == 3) {
        if (!isBlocked(matrix, i - 1, j)) {
            nxt_i--;
        }
        else {
            nxt_dir = 0;
            nxt_j++;
        }
    }
    spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, nxt_i, nxt_j, nxt_dir,
                         res);
}
// To traverse spirally
function spirallyTraverse(matrix)
{
    var res = [];
    spirallyDFSTravserse(matrix, 0, 0, 0, res);
    return res;
}
// Driver code
var a = [ [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ],
              [ 5, 6, 7, 8 ],
              [ 9, 10, 11, 12 ],
              [ 13, 14, 15, 16 ]];
// Function Call
var res = spirallyTraverse(a);
var size = res.length;
for (var i = 0; i < size; ++i)
    document.write(res[i] + " ");

</script>

Output

1 2 3 4 8 12 16 15 14 13 9 5 6 7 11 10 

Complexity Analysis:

• Time Complexity: O(m*n). To traverse the matrix O(m*n) time is required.
• Auxiliary Space: O(1). No extra space is required (without consideration of the stack used by the recursion). 

• Diagonal traversal of Matrix
• Print matrix in antispiral form
• Print a given matrix in zigzag form

Please write comments if you find the above code incorrect, or find other ways to solve the same problem.