Find duplicate rows in a binary matrix

Given a binary matrix whose elements are only 0 and 1, we need to print the rows which are duplicate of rows which are already present in the matrix.

Examples:

Input : {1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1},
    {0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
    {1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0},
    {1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1},
    {0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1},
    {0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1}.

Output :
There is a duplicate row at position: 4 
There is a duplicate row at position: 5 
There is a duplicate row at position: 6

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

This problem is mainly an extension of find unique rows in a binary matrix.

A Simple Solution is to traverse all rows one by one. For every row, check if it is present anywhere else. If yes print the row.

Time complexity : O(ROW^2 x COL)
Auxiliary Space : O(1)

Optimal solution using Trie Trie is an efficient data structure used for strong and retrieval of data where character set is small. The searching complexity is optimal as key length.
The solution approach towards the question is to first insert the matrix in the binary trie and then if the new added row is already present in the trie then we will now that it is a duplicate row

// C++ program to find duplicate rows 
// in a binary matrix. 
#include<bits/stdc++.h> 
  
const int MAX = 100; 
  
/*struct the Trie*/
struct Trie 
{ 
    bool leaf; 
    Trie* children[2]; 
}; 
  
/*function to get Trienode*/
Trie* getNewTrieNode() 
{ 
    Trie* node = new Trie; 
    node->children[0] = node->children[1] = NULL; 
    node->leaf = false; 
    return node; 
} 
  
/* function to insert a row in Trie*/
bool insert(Trie*& head, bool* arr, int N) 
{ 
    Trie* curr = head; 
  
    for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) 
    { 
        /*creating a new path if it don not exist*/
        if (curr->children[arr[i]] == NULL) 
            curr->children[arr[i]] = getNewTrieNode(); 
  
        curr = curr->children[arr[i]]; 
    } 
  
    /*if the row already exist return false*/
    if (curr->leaf) 
        return false; 
  
    /* making leaf node tree and return true*/
    return (curr->leaf = true); 
} 
  
void printDuplicateRows(bool mat[][MAX], int M, int N) 
{ 
    Trie* head = getNewTrieNode(); 
  
    /*inserting into Trie and checking for dulpicates*/
    for (int i = 0; i < M; i++) 
  
        // If already exists 
        if (!insert(head, mat[i], N)) 
            printf("There is a duplicate row"
                  " at position: %d \n", i+1); 
  
} 
  
/*driver function to check*/
int main() 
{ 
    bool mat[][MAX] = 
    { 
        {1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}, 
        {0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1}, 
        {1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0}, 
        {1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1}, 
        {0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1}, 
        {0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1}, 
    }; 
  
    printDuplicateRows(mat, 6, 6); 
    return 0; 
} 

Output:

There is a duplicate row at position: 4 
There is a duplicate row at position: 5 
There is a duplicate row at position: 6

Another approach without using Trie but does not work for large number of columns
Another approach is be to convert the decimal equivalent of row and check if a new row has the same decimal equivalent then it is a duplicate row. It will not work if the number of columns is large .

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My Personal Notes

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

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