Difference Between DNA Polymerase 1, 2 And 3

Difference Between DNA Polymerase 1, 2, And 3: DNA polymerase is an extended group of enzymes that is vital to the replication and repair of DNA ,from simple bacteria to huge eukaryotes. Enzymes such as these use an existing DNA template to initiate the formation of new DNA strands. During cell division and DNA repair, they are essential in maintaining the stability and integrity of the genetic material. Their exact and effective DNA synthesis provides accurate genetic information transmission to succeeding generations and supports the genomic stability required for normal functioning of cells. Different species have a variety of DNA polymerases, each of which serves a particular purpose in the replication, repair, and other DNA-related processes.

Difference Between Polymerase 1, 2 and 3

Categories	Polymerase 1	Polymerase 2	Polymerase 3
Processivity	It has low processivity.	It also has low processivity.	It has high processivity.
Synthesis on Leading and Lagging Strands	During DNA replication, it contributes in both the leading and lagging strand synthesis.	It performs a small part in either the leading or the lagging strand synthesis of DNA replication. Thus, it does not have a prominent role in this.	It is an important enzyme in charge of DNA synthesis during DNA replication on both the leading and lagging strands.
Abundance	In bacterial cells, it is the least common of the three DNA polymerases.	In bacterial cells, it is more common than Polymerase 1 but not as common as Polymerase 3.	In bacterial cells, it is the DNA polymerase that is most common.
Subunit Structure	It is a monomeric enzyme.	It is a multi-subunit enzyme.	It acts as a holoenzyme.
Translesion Synthesis (TLS)	It is not involved in Translesion Synthesis.	It is involved in translesion synthesis (TLS).	It is not mainly involved in translesion synthesis (TLS).
Cellular Location	It is found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells.	It is also found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells.	It is located at the DNA replication fork in the nucleoid of the bacterial cell.
Function	It’s main function involves DNA repair and the removal of RNA primers during DNA replication.	It’s main function includes DNA repair mechanisms, especially in paths that are prone to errors, like fixing UV-damaged DNA.	It is in charge of generating the majority of the fresh DNA strands throughout DNA replication.

DNA Polymerase 1

Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, possess an enzyme called DNA polymerase I, sometimes known as Pol I, which plays a role in the replication and repair of DNA. Since it was the first DNA polymerase to be found and examined, it is known as “DNA polymerase 1”. Arthur Kornberg along with other researchers discovered it in Escherichia coli (E. coli) for the first time in the 1950s.

Despite possessing a lesser processivity than DNA polymerase III, it is still an essential enzyme for correct DNA replication and maintaining the genomic integrity because of its exonuclease activity. Some of its characteristics are:

• 5′ to 3′ Exonuclease Activity: During DNA replication on the strand that precedes it, Pol I is able to eliminate primers made of RNA from the Okazaki fragments by performing this activity.
• DNA Repair Function: It is an essential part of the base excision repair (BER) procedure, which repairs defective or damaged bases in the DNA sequence.
• Low Processivity: Due of Pol I’s less effective processivity, it tends to be detached from the DNA template more often during replication.

DNA Polymerase 2

Prokaryotic organisms like bacteria include an enzyme called DNA polymerase II (Pol II) that is used in the replication and repair of DNA. It belongs to the family of DNA polymerase B, which also includes a number of other DNA polymerases discovered in bacteria and archaea.

It is essential for the functioning of DNA repair mechanisms, especially those that deal with error-prone environmental DNA damage repair pathways. Since it participates in translesion synthesis, cells can withstand and avoid some kinds of DNA lesions, however it can also result in the introduction of errors. Some of its characteristics are:

• 3′ to 5′ Exonuclease Activity: The enzyme’s accuracy in DNA repair activities is enhanced by its capacity to identify and fix mistakes created during DNA synthesis.
• DNA Repair Function: It is essential for error-prone DNA repair pathways, particularly when it comes to the repair of DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and other mutagenic substances.
• Subunit Structure: DNA polymerase II is a structure made up of a number of subunits that cooperate to carry out the enzyme’s diverse DNA replication and repair activities.

DNA Polymerase 3

Prokaryotes, mainly bacteria, have the extremely necessary enzyme DNA polymerase III (Pol III), which is an essential part of DNA replication. It is a member of the B-family of DNA polymerases and is recognized as the main replicative polymerase in responsible for the vast majority of DNA synthesis during replication.

It is very efficient and accurate at making new DNA strands as to its high processivity, ability to do proofreading, and holoenzyme structure. It is vital for the procedure of cell division and genetic inheritance and plays an essential role in preserving genome stability and integrity in prokaryotic cells. Some of its characteristics are:

• High Processivity: DNA polymerase III is highly efficient at combining lengthy sections of DNA due to its sliding clamp mechanism, allowing it to stay securely related to the DNA template during replication.
• Fidelity and Proofreading: DNA polymerase III replicates DNA effectively with a high degree of accuracy and proofreading. It may check for proofreading and fix mistakes made during DNA synthesis through its 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity, ensuring correct DNA replication.
• Most abundant DNA Polymerase: It is the most common DNA polymerase in bacterial cells and is considered as the main enzyme responsible for DNA replication throughout cell division.

FAQs on DNA Polymerase 1 and 2 and 3

Q: Which DNA polymerase is most fidelity-oriented?

Answer:

The most dependable of these three polymerases is often DNA polymerase III. It allows accurate DNA replication since it has a lower error rate than DNA polymerase I and II.

Q: Which DNA polymerase is in charge of repairing the gaps created by DNA repair?

Answer:

When performing specific DNA repair operations, DNA polymerase I is essential for filling up the gaps that are left behind. DNA polymerase I comes and fills the hole with the correct nucleotides, closing the repaired DNA strand, after the damage to DNA has been eliminated.

Q: Are DNA polymerases unique to some creatures only?

Answer:

Yes, various creatures have unique DNA polymerases of their own. While DNA polymerases I, II, and III are found in bacteria, numerous DNA polymerases are available in eukaryotic organisms and are involved in the processes of DNA replication and repair.

Q: How do molecular biology techniques employ DNA polymerases?

Answer:

DNA polymerases, especially those with proofreading skills, are frequently used in PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) procedures to amplify specified DNA sections. They assist in the creation of complementary DNA strands using an established pattern.