SQL | Case Statement

Control statements form the heart of most languages since they control the execution of other sets of statements. These are found in SQL too, and should be exploited for uses such as query filtering and query optimization through careful selection of tuples that match our requirement. In this post, we explore the Case-Switch statement in SQL.
The CASE statement is SQL’s way of handling if/then logic.
Syntax:
There can be two valid ways of going about the case-switch statements.

1. The first takes a variable called case_value and matches it with some statement_list.

   CASE case_value
       WHEN when_value THEN statement_list
       [WHEN when_value THEN statement_list] ...
       [ELSE statement_list]
   END CASE
   

2. The second considers a search_condition instead of variable equality and executes the statement_list accordingly.

   Attention reader! Don’t stop learning now. Learn SQL for interviews using SQL Course  by GeeksforGeeks.

   CASE
       WHEN search_condition THEN statement_list
       [WHEN search_condition THEN statement_list] ...
       [ELSE statement_list]
   END CASE
   

   Examples:

   Say we have a relation, Faculty.

   
   
   
   

   Faculty Table:

   FacultyID	Name	Department	Gender
   001	Aakash	CS	M
   002	Sahil	EC	M
   003	John	HSS	M
   004	Shelley	CS	F
   005	Anannya	CS	F
   006	Sia	HSS	F

   Let’s say we would like to modify this table such that if the department name is ‘CS’, it gets modified to ‘Computer Science’, if it is ‘EC’ it gets modified to ‘Electronics and Communication’, and if it is ‘HSS’ it gets modified to ‘Humanities and Social Sciences’. This can be achieved using case statement.

   Sample Query:
   Consider a variable, department_name which is entered in the SQL code.

   CASE department_name
    WHEN 'CS'
     THEN UPDATE Faculty SET
     department='Computer Science';
    WHEN 'EC'
     THEN UPDATE Faculty SET
     department='Electronics and Communication';
    ELSE UPDATE Faculty SET
    department='Humanities and Social Sciences';
   END CASE
   

   Output:

   The department name corresponding to the given input gets renamed.
   

   Consider another query which selects all the fields corresponding to the Faculty table. Since the values written in the Gender field are single character values (M/F), we would like to present them in a more readable format.

   SELECT FacultyID, Name, Department,
   CASE Gender
    WHEN'M' THEN 'Male'
    WHEN'F' THEN 'Female'
   END
   FROM Faculty
   

   Output:

   FacultyID	Name	Department	Gender
   001	Aakash	CS	Male
   002	Sahil	EC	Male
   003	John	HSS	Male
   004	Shelley	CS	Female
   005	Anannya	CS	Female
   006	Sia	HSS	Female

   Consider yet another application of case-switch in SQL- custom sorting.

   CREATE PROCEDURE GetFaculty(@ColToSort varchar(150)) AS
   SELECT FacultyID, Name, Gender, Department
   FROM Customers
   ORDER BY
     CASE WHEN @ColToSort='Department' THEN Department
          WHEN @ColToSort='Name' THEN Name
          WHEN @ColToSort='Gender' THEN Gender
          ElSE FacultyID
     END 
   

   Output:

   The output gets sorted according to the provided field.
   

   The above procedure (function) takes a variable of varchar data type as its argument, and on the basis of that, sorts the tuples in the Faculty table.

   This article is contributed by Anannya Uberoi. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.

   Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.

   My Personal Notes arrow_drop_up

   Save