SDLC V-Model – Software Engineering

The V-model is a type of SDLC model where the process executes in a sequential manner in a V-shape. It is also known as the Verification and Validation model. It is based on the association of a testing phase for each corresponding development stage. The development of each step is directly associated with the testing phase. The next phase starts only after completion of the previous phase i.e., for each development activity, there is a testing activity corresponding to it. 

The V-Model is a software development life cycle (SDLC) model that provides a systematic and visual representation of the software development process. It is based on the idea of a “V” shape, with the two legs of the “V” representing the progression of the software development process from requirements gathering and analysis to design, implementation, testing, and maintenance.

V-Model Design:

1. Requirements Gathering and Analysis: The first phase of the V-Model is the requirements gathering and analysis phase, where the customer’s requirements for the software are gathered and analyzed to determine the scope of the project.
2. Design: In the design phase, the software architecture and design are developed, including the high-level design and detailed design.
3. Implementation: In the implementation phase, the software is actually built based on the design.
4. Testing: In the testing phase, the software is tested to ensure that it meets the customer’s requirements and is of high quality.
5. Deployment: In the deployment phase, the software is deployed and put into use.
6. Maintenance: In the maintenance phase, the software is maintained to ensure that it continues to meet the customer’s needs and expectations.
7. The V-Model is often used in safety: critical systems, such as aerospace and defence systems, because of its emphasis on thorough testing and its ability to clearly define the steps involved in the software development process.
   

SDLC V-Model

The following illustration depicts the different phases in a V-Model of the SDLC.

Verification Phases:

It involves static analysis technique (review) done without executing code. It is the process of evaluation of the product development phase to find whether specified requirements meet.

There are several Varification phases in the V-Model:

Business Requirement Analysis:

These is the first step of the designation of development cycle where product requirement needs to be cure with the customer perspectives. in these phases include the proper communication with the customer to understand the requirement of the customers. these is the very important activity which need to handle with proper way, as most of the time customer did not know exact what they want, and they did not sure about it that time then we use an acceptance test design planning which done at the time of business requirement it will be used as an input for acceptance testing.

System Design:

Design of system will start when the overall we clear with the product requirements, then need to design the system completely. these understanding will do at the beginning of complete under the product development process. these will be beneficial for the future execution of test cases.

Architectural Design:

In this stage, architectural specifications are comprehended and designed. Usually, a number of technical approaches are put out, and the ultimate choice is made after considering both the technical and financial viability. The system architecture is further divided into modules that each handle a distinct function. Another name for this is High Level Design (HLD).

At this point, the exchange of data and communication between the internal modules and external systems are well understood and defined. During this phase, integration tests can be created and documented using the information provided.

Module Design:

This phase, known as Low Level Design (LLD), specifies the comprehensive internal design for each and every system module. Compatibility between the design and other external systems as well as other modules in the system architecture is crucial. Unit tests are a crucial component of any development process since they assist identify and eradicate the majority of mistakes and flaws at an early stage. Based on the internal module designs, these unit tests may now be created.

Coding Phase:

The Coding step involves actually writing the code for the system modules that were created during the Design phase. The system and architectural requirements are used to determine which programming language is most appropriate.

The coding standards and principles are followed when performing the coding. Before the final build is checked into the repository, the code undergoes many code reviews and is optimised for optimal performance.

Validation Phases:

It involves dynamic analysis technique (functional, non-functional), testing done by executing code. Validation is the process to evaluate the software after the completion of the development phase to determine whether software meets the customer expectations and requirements. 

So, V-Model contains Verification phases on one side of the Validation phases on the other side. Verification and Validation phases are joined by coding phase in V-shape. Thus, it is called V-Model. 
There are several Validation phases in the V-Model:

Unit Testing:

Unit Test Plans are developed during module design phase. These Unit Test Plans are executed to eliminate bugs at code or unit level.

Integration testing:

After completion of unit testing Integration testing is performed. In integration testing, the modules are integrated and the system is tested. Integration testing is performed on the Architecture design phase. This test verifies the communication of modules among themselves.

System Testing:

System testing test the complete application with its functionality, inter dependency, and communication. It tests the functional and non-functional requirements of the developed application.

User Acceptance Testing (UAT):

UAT is performed in a user environment that resembles the production environment. UAT verifies that the delivered system meets user’s requirement and system is ready for use in real world.

Design Phase:

• Requirement Analysis: This phase contains detailed communication with the customer to understand their requirements and expectations. This stage is known as Requirement Gathering.
• System Design: This phase contains the system design and the complete hardware and communication setup for developing product.
• Architectural Design: System design is broken down further into modules taking up different functionalities. The data transfer and communication between the internal modules and with the outside world (other systems) is clearly understood.
• Module Design: In this phase the system breaks down into small modules. The detailed design of modules is specified, also known as Low-Level Design (LLD).

Testing Phases:

• Unit Testing: Unit Test Plans are developed during module design phase. These Unit Test Plans are executed to eliminate bugs at code or unit level.
• Integration testing: After completion of unit testing Integration testing is performed. In integration testing, the modules are integrated, and the system is tested. Integration testing is performed on the Architecture design phase. This test verifies the communication of modules among themselves.
• System Testing: System testing test the complete application with its functionality, inter dependency, and communication. It tests the functional and non-functional requirements of the developed application.
• User Acceptance Testing (UAT): UAT is performed in a user environment that resembles the production environment. UAT verifies that the delivered system meets user’s requirement and system is ready for use in real world.

Industrial Challenge:

As the industry has evolved, the technologies have become more complex, increasingly faster, and forever changing, however, there remains a set of basic principles and concepts that are as applicable today as when IT was in its infancy. 

• Accurately define and refine user requirements.
• Design and build an application according to the authorized user requirements.
• Validate that the application they had built adhered to the authorized business requirements.

Principles of V-Model:

• Large to Small: In V-Model, testing is done in a hierarchical perspective, for example, requirements identified by the project team, create High-Level Design, and Detailed Design phases of the project. As each of these phases is completed the requirements, they are defining become more and more refined and detailed.
• Data/Process Integrity: This principle states that the successful design of any project requires the incorporation and cohesion of both data and processes. Process elements must be identified at each and every requirement.
• Scalability: This principle states that the V-Model concept has the flexibility to accommodate any IT project irrespective of its size, complexity or duration.
• Cross Referencing: Direct correlation between requirements and corresponding testing activity is known as cross-referencing.

Tangible Documentation:

This principle states that every project needs to create a document. This documentation is required and applied by both the project development team and the support team. Documentation is used to maintaining the application once it is available in a production environment.

Why preferred?

• It is easy to manage due to the rigidity of the model. Each phase of V-Model has specific deliverables and a review process.
• Proactive defect tracking – that is defects are found at early stage.

When to use?

• Where requirements are clearly defined and fixed.
• The V-Model is used when ample technical resources are available with technical expertise.
• Small to medium-sized projects with set and clearly specified needs are recommended to use the V-shaped model.
• Since it is challenging to keep stable needs in large projects, the project should be small.

Advantages:

• This is a highly disciplined model and Phases are completed one at a time.
• V-Model is used for small projects where project requirements are clear.
• Simple and easy to understand and use.
• This model focuses on verification and validation activities early in the life cycle thereby enhancing the probability of building an error-free and good quality product.
• It enables project management to track progress accurately.
• Clear and Structured Process: The V-Model provides a clear and structured process for software development, making it easier to understand and follow.
• Emphasis on Testing: The V-Model places a strong emphasis on testing, which helps to ensure the quality and reliability of the software.
• Improved Traceability: The V-Model provides a clear link between the requirements and the final product, making it easier to trace and manage changes to the software.
• Better Communication: The clear structure of the V-Model helps to improve communication between the customer and the development team.

Disadvantages:

• High risk and uncertainty.
• It is not a good for complex and object-oriented projects.
• It is not suitable for projects where requirements are not clear and contains high risk of changing.
• This model does not support iteration of phases.
• It does not easily handle concurrent events.
• Inflexibility: The V-Model is a linear and sequential model, which can make it difficult to adapt to changing requirements or unexpected events.
• Time-Consuming: The V-Model can be time-consuming, as it requires a lot of documentation and testing.
• Overreliance on Documentation: The V-Model places a strong emphasis on documentation, which can lead to an overreliance on documentation at the expense of actual development work.

Reference Book:

“Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach” by Roger S. Pressman, published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.