A constructor is a special member function that is invoked when an object of the class is created primarily to initialize variables or properties. A class needs to have a constructor and if we do not declare a constructor, then the compiler generates a default constructor. Kotlin has two types of constructors:
- Primary Constructor
- Secondary Constructor
A class in Kotlin can have at most one primary constructor, and one or more secondary constructors. The primary constructor initializes the class, while the secondary constructor is used to initialize the class and introduce some extra logic.
Primary Constructor
The primary constructor is initialized in the class header, and goes after the class name, using the constructor keyword. The parameters are optional in the primary constructor.
class Add constructor(val a: Int, val b: Int) {
// code
}
The constructor keyword can be omitted if there is no annotations or access modifiers specified.
class Add(val a: Int, val b: Int) {
// code
}
Kotlin program of primary constructor:
Kotlin
fun main(args: Array<String>)
{
val add = Add(5, 6)
println("The Sum of numbers 5 and 6 is: ${add.c}")
}
class Add constructor(a: Int,b:Int)
{
var c = a+b;
}
|
Output:
The Sum of two numbers is: 11
Explanation:
When we create the object add for the class then the values 5 and 6 passes to the constructor. The constructor parameters a and b initialize with the parameters 5 and 6 respectively. The local variable c contains the sum of variables. In the main, we access the property of constructor using ${add.c}.
Primary Constructor with Initializer Block
The primary constructor cannot contain any code, the initialization code can be placed in a separate initializer block prefixed with the init keyword.
Kotlin program of primary constructor with initializer block
What is init block?
It acts as an initialiser block where member variables are initialised. This block gets executed whenever an instance of this class is created. There can be multiple init blocks and they are called in the order they are written inside the class.
Note: init blocks gets called before the constructor of this class is called.
Kotlin
class Person (val _name: String) {
var name: String
init{
println("This is first init block")
}
init{
println("This is second init block")
}
init{
println("This is third init block")
}
init {
this.name = _name
println("Name = $name")
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val person = Person("Geeks")
}
|
Output:
This is first init block
This is second init block
This is third init block
Name = Geeks
Explanation:
When the object person is created for the class Person, the value “Mahmood” is passed to the parameters name of the constructor. Two properties are declared in the class id and name.
Initializer block is executed at the time of object creation, and not only initializes the properties but also prints to the standard output.
Default value in primary constructor
Similar to function default values in functions, we can initialize the constructor parameters with some default values.
Kotlin program of default values in primary constructor:
Kotlin
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
val emp = employee(18018, "Sagnik")
val emp2 = employee(11011)
val emp3 = employee()
}
class employee(emp_id : Int = 100 , emp_name: String = "abc") {
val id: Int
var name: String
init {
id = emp_id
name = emp_name
print("Employee id is: $id, ")
println("Employee name: $name")
println()
}
}
|
Output:
Employee id is: 18018, Employee name: Sagnik
Employee id is: 11011, Employee name: abc
Employee id is: 100, Employee name: abc
Explanation:
Here, we have initialized the constructor parameters with some default values emp_id = 100 and emp_name = “abc”. When the object emp is created we passed the values for both the parameters, so it prints those values.
But, at the time of object emp2 creation, we have not passed the emp_name so initializer block uses the default values and print to the standard output.
Secondary Constructor
As mentioned above, Kotlin may have one or more secondary constructors. Secondary constructors allow initialization of variables and allow to provide some logic to the class as well. They are prefixed with the constructor keyword.
Kotlin program of implementing secondary constructor:
Kotlin
fun main(args: Array<String>)
{
Add(5, 6)
}
class Add
{
constructor(a: Int, b:Int)
{
var c = a + b
println("The sum of numbers 5 and 6 is: ${c}")
}
}
|
Output:
The sum of numbers 5 and 6 is: 11
Which secondary constructor will be called is decided by the compiler based on the arguments received. In the above program, we do not specify to invoke which constructor and compiler decides by itself.
Kotlin program of two secondary constructors in a class:
Kotlin
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
employee(18018, "Sagnik")
employee(11011,"Praveen",600000.5)
}
class employee {
constructor (emp_id : Int, emp_name: String ) {
var id: Int = emp_id
var name: String = emp_name
print("Employee id is: $id, ")
println("Employee name: $name")
println()
}
constructor (emp_id : Int, emp_name: String ,emp_salary : Double) {
var id: Int = emp_id
var name: String = emp_name
var salary : Double = emp_salary
print("Employee id is: $id, ")
print("Employee name: $name, ")
println("Employee name: $salary")
}
}
|
Output:
Employee id is: 18018, Employee name: Sagnik
Employee id is: 11011, Employee name: Praveen, Employee name: 600000.5
Kotlin program of three secondary constructors in a class:
Kotlin
fun main(args: Array<String>)
{
Add(5, 6)
Add(5, 6, 7)
Add(5, 6, 7, 8)
}
class Add
{
constructor(a: Int, b: Int)
{
var c = a + b
println("Sum of 5, 6 = ${c}")
}
constructor(a: Int, b: Int, c: Int)
{
var d = a + b + c
println("Sum of 5, 6, 7 = ${d}")
}
constructor(a: Int, b: Int, c: Int, d: Int)
{
var e = a + b + c + d
println("Sum of 5, 6, 7, 8 = ${e}")
}
}
|
Output:
Sum of 5, 6 = 11
Sum of 5, 6, 7 = 18
Sum of 5, 6, 7, 8 = 26
Calling one secondary constructor from another
A secondary constructor may call another secondary constructor of the same class using this() function. In the below program, we have called another constructor using this(a,b,7) because invoking of that constructor requires three parameters.
Kotlin program of calling one constructor from another:
Kotlin
fun main(args: Array<String>)
{
Add(5,6)
}
class Add {
constructor(a: Int,b:Int) : this(a,b,7) {
var sumOfTwo = a + b
println("The sum of two numbers 5 and 6 is: $sumOfTwo")
}
constructor(a: Int, b: Int,c: Int) {
var sumOfThree = a + b + c
println("The sum of three numbers 5,6 and 7 is: $sumOfThree")
}
}
|
Output:
The sum of three numbers 5,6 and 7 is: 18
The sum of two numbers 5 and 6 is: 11
Calling parent class secondary constructor from child class secondary constructor
We can call the secondary constructor of parent class from the child class using the super keyword. In the below program, we have shown the process of calling.
As you can see here is a new keyword called open, an open class is an ordinary class that is open for extension. By default, when you write a class in Kotlin, it cannot be extended. Yes, inheritance is prevented by default. By declaring a class to be open, you tell the compiler: “I intend to extend this class”.
Kotlin
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
Child(18018, "Sagnik")
}
open class Parent {
constructor (emp_id: Int, emp_name: String, emp_salary: Double) {
var id: Int = emp_id
var name: String = emp_name
var salary : Double = emp_salary
println("Employee id is: $id")
println("Employee name: $name")
println("Employee salary: $salary")
println()
}
}
class Child : Parent {
constructor (emp_id : Int, emp_name: String):super(emp_id,emp_name,500000.55){
var id: Int = emp_id
var name: String = emp_name
println("Employee id is: $id")
println("Employee name: $name")
}
}
|
Output:
Employee id is: 18018
Employee name: Sagnik
Employee salary: 500000.55
Employee id is: 18018
Employee name: Sagnik
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