Water Resources In India| Class 12 Geography Notes

Water is a crucial natural resource for human survival and development, essential for various purposes. However, India faces the challenge of uneven distribution of water resources across different regions.

Water Resources In India

India possesses approximately 2.45% of the world’s surface area, 4% of its water resources, and sustains about 16% of the global population. Annually, the country receives around 4,000 cubic km of water through precipitation, with 1,869 cubic km available from surface water and replenishable groundwater. However, only 60% of this water can be utilized, resulting in a total utilizable water resource of 1,122 cubic km.

Surface Water Resources

India’s surface water sources include rivers, lakes, ponds, and tanks. With over 10,360 rivers and their tributaries longer than 1.6 km each, the mean annual flow in all river basins and lakes has formed. Notably, states like Kerala, Odisha, and West Bengal boast extensive surface water resources, primarily in lagoons and lakes, despite their brackish nature.

Water Demand and Utilization

Traditionally, India’s economy has been agrarian, with about two-thirds of its population dependent on agriculture. Consequently, irrigation development to enhance agricultural production has been prioritized, leading to the implementation of multipurpose river valley projects like Bhakra-Nangal and Hirakud. Currently, irrigation accounts for the majority of water usage, with agriculture utilizing 89% of surface water and 92% of groundwater.

Demand for Water in Agriculture

The agricultural sector dominates water usage due to the variability in rainfall across the country, especially in regions like northwestern India and the Deccan plateau, which experience dry seasons. Irrigation becomes indispensable in such areas to ensure agricultural productivity, particularly for water-intensive crops like rice, sugarcane, and jute.

Groundwater Resources

India’s replenishable groundwater resources total about 432 cubic km, with high utilization rates observed in regions like Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu. However, states such as Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Kerala utilize only a fraction of their groundwater potential. Nonetheless, if the current trend continues, the demand for water is projected to surpass available supplies, potentially leading to developmental setbacks and social disruptions.

Emerging Water Challenges

India faces declining per capita water availability due to population growth, compounded by pollution from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. This pollution threatens the usability of available water resources, with notable examples being the pollution of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers.

Water Conservation and Management

Given the declining availability of freshwater and increasing demand, effective water conservation measures are imperative for sustainable development. These measures include the development of water-saving technologies, pollution prevention, and irrigation management. Additionally, there’s a need to address the overuse of groundwater resources, which has led to declining groundwater tables and increased contamination in some regions like West Bengal and Bihar.

Conclusion

Addressing water pollution and implementing sustainable water conservation and management practices are essential to ensure the availability and equitable distribution of this vital resource in India. The government plays a crucial role in water management through policy, regulation, and infrastructure development.

Water Resources In India- FAQs

What are the main factors contributing to the uneven distribution of water resources in India?

The uneven distribution of water resources in India is attributed to several factors, including geographical factors (such as the differential flows of Himalayan and Peninsular rivers), seasonal variations in rainfall, uneven population distribution, and increasing water demand due to rapid economic development.

How are the Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers different in terms of their water resources?

The Himalayan rivers, such as the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra, carry large volumes of water, as they are fed by glaciers and snowmelt from the Himalayas. In contrast, the Peninsular rivers, such as the Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery, have relatively lower and more seasonal flows.

What are the major uses of surface water resources in India?

The surface water resources in India are utilized for various purposes, including irrigation (which accounts for the largest share), hydropower generation, inland navigation, and industrial and domestic uses.

What are the primary causes of water pollution in India, and what are the measures to control it?

The major causes of water pollution in India include industrial effluents, domestic waste, and agricultural runoff. Measures to control water pollution include strict enforcement of environmental regulations, improving wastewater treatment facilities, adopting sustainable agricultural practices, and raising public awareness for water conservation.

What are the key strategies for water conservation and management in India, and what is the role of the government in this regard?

Key strategies for water conservation and management in India include rainwater harvesting, watershed management, and the interlinking of rivers. The government plays a crucial role in water management through policy formulation, regulatory frameworks, infrastructure development, and the implementation of conservation and management strategies.