Sliding Window Maximum (Maximum of all subarrays of size k)

Given an array and an integer K, find the maximum for each and every contiguous subarray of size k.

Examples :

Input: arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, 2, 3, 6}, K = 3
Output: 3 3 4 5 5 5 6

Input: arr[] = {8, 5, 10, 7, 9, 4, 15, 12, 90, 13}, K = 4
Output: 10 10 10 15 15 90 90

Recommended: Please solve it on “PRACTICE ” first, before moving on to the solution.

Method 1 (Simple)
Run two loops. In the outer loop, take all subarrays of size K. In the inner loop, get the maximum of the current subarray.

C++

// C++ Program to find the maximum for  
// each and every contiguous subarray of size k. 
#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
// Method to find the maximum for each  
// and every contiguous subarray of size k. 
void printKMax(int arr[], int n, int k)  
{  
    int j, max;  
  
    for (int i = 0; i <= n - k; i++)  
    {  
        max = arr[i];  
  
        for (j = 1; j < k; j++)  
        {  
            if (arr[i + j] > max)  
                max = arr[i + j];  
        }  
        cout << max << " ";  
    }  
}  
  
// Driver code 
int main()  
{  
    int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };  
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);  
    int k = 3;  
    printKMax(arr, n, k);  
    return 0;  
} 
  
// This code is contributed by rathbhupendra 

C

#include <stdio.h> 
  
void printKMax(int arr[], int n, int k) 
{ 
    int j, max; 
  
    for (int i = 0; i <= n - k; i++) { 
        max = arr[i]; 
  
        for (j = 1; j < k; j++) { 
            if (arr[i + j] > max) 
                max = arr[i + j]; 
        } 
        printf("%d ", max); 
    } 
} 
  
int main() 
{ 
    int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }; 
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); 
    int k = 3; 
    printKMax(arr, n, k); 
    return 0; 
}

Java

// Java Program to find the maximum for each and every contiguous subarray of size k. 
  
public class GFG { 
    // Method to find the maximum for each and every contiguous subarray of size k. 
    static void printKMax(int arr[], int n, int k) 
    { 
        int j, max; 
  
        for (int i = 0; i <= n - k; i++) { 
  
            max = arr[i]; 
  
            for (j = 1; j < k; j++) { 
                if (arr[i + j] > max) 
                    max = arr[i + j]; 
            } 
            System.out.print(max + " "); 
        } 
    } 
  
    // Driver method 
    public static void main(String args[]) 
    { 
        int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }; 
        int k = 3; 
        printKMax(arr, arr.length, k); 
    } 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh 

Python3

# Python program to find the maximum for  
# each and every contiguous subarray of 
# size k 
  
# Method to find the maximum for each 
# and every contiguous subarray of s  
# of size k 
def printMax(arr, n, k): 
    max = 0
    
    for i in range(n - k + 1): 
        max = arr[i] 
        for j in range(1, k): 
            if arr[i + j] > max: 
                max = arr[i + j] 
        print(str(max) + " ", end = "") 
  
# Driver method 
if __name__=="__main__": 
    arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] 
    n = len(arr) 
    k = 3
    printMax(arr, n, k) 
  
# This code is contributed by Shiv Shankar  

C#

// C# program to find the maximum for 
// each and every contiguous subarray of 
// size kusing System; 
using System; 
  
class GFG { 
    // Method to find the maximum for 
    // each and every contiguous subarray 
    // of size k. 
    static void printKMax(int[] arr, int n, int k) 
    { 
        int j, max; 
  
        for (int i = 0; i <= n - k; i++) { 
  
            max = arr[i]; 
  
            for (j = 1; j < k; j++) { 
                if (arr[i + j] > max) 
                    max = arr[i + j]; 
            } 
            Console.Write(max + " "); 
        } 
    } 
  
    // Driver method 
    public static void Main() 
    { 
        int[] arr = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }; 
        int k = 3; 
        printKMax(arr, arr.Length, k); 
    } 
} 
  
// This Code is Contributed by Sam007 

PHP

<?php 
// PHP program to find the maximum  
// for each and every contiguous  
// subarray of size k 
  
function printKMax($arr, $n, $k) 
{ 
    $j; $max; 
  
    for ($i = 0; $i <= $n - $k; $i++) 
    { 
        $max = $arr[$i]; 
  
        for ($j = 1; $j < $k; $j++) 
        { 
            if ($arr[$i + $j] > $max) 
            $max = $arr[$i + $j]; 
        } 
        printf("%d ", $max); 
    } 
} 
  
// Driver Code 
$arr = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5,  
             6, 7, 8, 9, 10); 
$n = count($arr); 
$k = 3; 
printKMax($arr, $n, $k); 
  
// This Code is Contributed by anuj_67. 
?> 

Output:

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time Complexity : The outer loop runs n-k+1 times and the inner loop runs k times for every iteration of outer loop. So time complexity is O((n-k+1)*k) which can also be written as O(N * K).

Method 2 (Use Self-Balancing BST)

Pick first k elements and create a Self-Balancing Binary Search Tree (BST) of size k.
Run a loop for i = 0 to n – k
1. Get the maximum element from the BST, and print it.
2. Search for arr[i] in the BST and delete it from the BST.
3. Insert arr[i+k] into the BST.

Time Complexity: Time Complexity of step 1 is O(K * Log k). Time Complexity of steps 2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) is O(Logk). Since steps 2(a), 2(b) and 2(c) are in a loop that runs n-k+1 times, time complexity of the complete algorithm is O(kLogk + (n-k+1)*Logk) which can also be written as O(N * Log k).

Method 3 (A O(n) method: use Deque) We create a Deque, Qi of capacity k, that stores only useful elements of current window of k elements. An element is useful if it is in current window and is greater than all other elements on left side of it in current window. We process all array elements one by one and maintain Qi to contain useful elements of current window and these useful elements are maintained in sorted order. The element at front of the Qi is the largest and element at rear of Qi is the smallest of current window. Thanks to Aashish for suggesting this method.

Below image is a dry run of the above approach:

Below is the implementation of the above approach.

C++

#include <deque> 
#include <iostream> 
  
using namespace std; 
  
// A Dequeue (Double ended queue) based method for printing maximum element of 
// all subarrays of size k 
void printKMax(int arr[], int n, int k) 
{ 
    // Create a Double Ended Queue, Qi that will store indexes of array elements 
    // The queue will store indexes of useful elements in every window and it will 
    // maintain decreasing order of values from front to rear in Qi, i.e., 
    // arr[Qi.front[]] to arr[Qi.rear()] are sorted in decreasing order 
    std::deque<int> Qi(k); 
  
    /* Process first k (or first window) elements of array */
    int i; 
    for (i = 0; i < k; ++i) { 
        // For every element, the previous smaller elements are useless so 
        // remove them from Qi 
        while ((!Qi.empty()) && arr[i] >= arr[Qi.back()]) 
            Qi.pop_back(); // Remove from rear 
  
        // Add new element at rear of queue 
        Qi.push_back(i); 
    } 
  
    // Process rest of the elements, i.e., from arr[k] to arr[n-1] 
    for (; i < n; ++i) { 
        // The element at the front of the queue is the largest element of 
        // previous window, so print it 
        cout << arr[Qi.front()] << " "; 
  
        // Remove the elements which are out of this window 
        while ((!Qi.empty()) && Qi.front() <= i - k) 
            Qi.pop_front(); // Remove from front of queue 
  
        // Remove all elements smaller than the currently 
        // being added element (remove useless elements) 
        while ((!Qi.empty()) && arr[i] >= arr[Qi.back()]) 
            Qi.pop_back(); 
  
        // Add current element at the rear of Qi 
        Qi.push_back(i); 
    } 
  
    // Print the maximum element of last window 
    cout << arr[Qi.front()]; 
} 
  
// Driver program to test above functions 
int main() 
{ 
    int arr[] = { 12, 1, 78, 90, 57, 89, 56 }; 
    int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); 
    int k = 3; 
    printKMax(arr, n, k); 
    return 0; 
} 

Java

// Java Program to find the maximum for  
// each and every contiguous subarray of size k. 
  
import java.util.Deque; 
import java.util.LinkedList; 
  
public class SlidingWindow { 
  
    // A Dequeue (Double ended queue) based method for printing maximum element of 
    // all subarrays of size k 
    static void printMax(int arr[], int n, int k) 
    { 
        // Create a Double Ended Queue, Qi that will store indexes of array elements 
        // The queue will store indexes of useful elements in every window and it will 
        // maintain decreasing order of values from front to rear in Qi, i.e., 
        // arr[Qi.front[]] to arr[Qi.rear()] are sorted in decreasing order 
        Deque<Integer> Qi = new LinkedList<Integer>(); 
  
        /* Process first k (or first window) elements of array */
        int i; 
        for (i = 0; i < k; ++i) { 
            // For every element, the previous smaller elements are useless so 
            // remove them from Qi 
            while (!Qi.isEmpty() && arr[i] >= arr[Qi.peekLast()]) 
                Qi.removeLast(); // Remove from rear 
  
            // Add new element at rear of queue 
            Qi.addLast(i); 
        } 
  
        // Process rest of the elements, i.e., from arr[k] to arr[n-1] 
        for (; i < n; ++i) { 
            // The element at the front of the queue is the largest element of 
            // previous window, so print it 
            System.out.print(arr[Qi.peek()] + " "); 
  
            // Remove the elements which are out of this window 
            while ((!Qi.isEmpty()) && Qi.peek() <= i - k) 
                Qi.removeFirst(); 
  
            // Remove all elements smaller than the currently 
            // being added element (remove useless elements) 
            while ((!Qi.isEmpty()) && arr[i] >= arr[Qi.peekLast()]) 
                Qi.removeLast(); 
  
            // Add current element at the rear of Qi 
            Qi.addLast(i); 
        } 
  
        // Print the maximum element of last window 
        System.out.print(arr[Qi.peek()]); 
    } 
  
    // Driver program to test above functions 
    public static void main(String[] args) 
    { 
        int arr[] = { 12, 1, 78, 90, 57, 89, 56 }; 
        int k = 3; 
        printMax(arr, arr.length, k); 
    } 
} 
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh 

Python3

# Python program to find the maximum for  
# each and every contiguous subarray of 
# size k 
  
from collections import deque 
  
# A Deque (Double ended queue) based  
# method for printing maximum element  
# of all subarrays of size k  
def printMax(arr, n, k): 
      
    """ Create a Double Ended Queue, Qi that  
    will store indexes of array elements.  
    The queue will store indexes of useful  
    elements in every window and it will 
    maintain decreasing order of values from 
    front to rear in Qi, i.e., arr[Qi.front[]] 
    to arr[Qi.rear()] are sorted in decreasing 
    order"""
    Qi = deque() 
      
    # Process first k (or first window)  
    # elements of array 
    for i in range(k): 
        
        # For every element, the previous  
        # smaller elements are useless 
        # so remove them from Qi 
        while Qi and arr[i] >= arr[Qi[-1]] : 
            Qi.pop() 
          
        # Add new element at rear of queue 
        Qi.append(i); 
          
    # Process rest of the elements, i.e.  
    # from arr[k] to arr[n-1] 
    for i in range(k, n): 
          
        # The element at the front of the 
        # queue is the largest element of 
        # previous window, so print it 
        print(str(arr[Qi[0]]) + " ", end = "") 
          
        # Remove the elements which are  
        # out of this window 
        while Qi and Qi[0] <= i-k: 
              
            # remove from front of deque 
            Qi.popleft()  
          
        # Remove all elements smaller than 
        # the currently being added element  
        # (Remove useless elements) 
        while Qi and arr[i] >= arr[Qi[-1]] : 
            Qi.pop() 
          
        # Add current element at the rear of Qi 
        Qi.append(i) 
      
    # Print the maximum element of last window 
    print(str(arr[Qi[0]])) 
      
# Driver programm to test above fumctions 
if __name__=="__main__": 
    arr = [12, 1, 78, 90, 57, 89, 56] 
    k = 3
    printMax(arr, len(arr), k) 
      
# This code is contributed by Shiv Shankar  

C#

// C# Program to find the maximum for each  
// and every contiguous subarray of size k. 
using System;  
using System.Collections.Generic; 
  
public class SlidingWindow  
{ 
  
    // A Dequeue (Double ended queue) based  
    // method for printing maximum element of 
    // all subarrays of size k 
    static void printMax(int []arr, int n, int k) 
    { 
        // Create a Double Ended Queue, Qi that  
        // will store indexes of array elements 
        // The queue will store indexes of useful  
        // elements in every window and it will 
        // maintain decreasing order of values  
        // from front to rear in Qi, i.e., 
        // arr[Qi.front[]] to arr[Qi.rear()]  
        // are sorted in decreasing order 
        List<int> Qi = new List<int>(); 
  
        /* Process first k (or first window) elements of array */
        int i; 
        for (i = 0; i < k; ++i) { 
            // For every element, the previous  
            // smaller elements are useless so 
            // remove them from Qi 
            while (Qi.Count != 0 && arr[i] >= arr[Qi.IndexOf(0)]) 
                Qi.RemoveAt(Qi.Count-1); // Remove from rear 
  
            // Add new element at rear of queue 
            Qi.Insert(Qi.Count, i); 
        } 
  
        // Process rest of the elements,  
        // i.e., from arr[k] to arr[n-1] 
        for (; i < n; ++i)  
        { 
            // The element at the front of  
            // the queue is the largest element of 
            // previous window, so print it 
            Console.Write(arr[Qi[0]] + " "); 
  
            // Remove the elements which are out of this window 
            while ((Qi.Count != 0) && Qi[0] <= i - k) 
                Qi.RemoveAt(0); 
  
            // Remove all elements smaller than the currently 
            // being added element (remove useless elements) 
            while ((Qi.Count != 0) && arr[i] >= arr[Qi[Qi.Count - 1]]) 
                Qi.RemoveAt(Qi.Count - 1); 
  
            // Add current element at the rear of Qi 
            Qi.Insert(Qi.Count, i); 
        } 
  
        // Print the maximum element of last window 
        Console.Write(arr[Qi[0]]); 
    } 
  
    // Driver code 
    public static void Main(String[] args) 
    { 
        int []arr = { 12, 1, 78, 90, 57, 89, 56 }; 
        int k = 3; 
        printMax(arr, arr.Length, k); 
    } 
} 
  
// This code has been contributed by 29AjayKumar 

Output:

78 90 90 90 89

Output:

78 90 90 90 89

Below is an extension of this problem.
Sum of minimum and maximum elements of all subarrays of size k.

Time Complexity: O(n). It seems more than O(n) at first look. If we take a closer look, we can observe that every element of array is added and removed at most once. So there are total 2n operations.
Auxiliary Space: O(k)

Method 4 (Use Max-Heap)

Pick first k elements and create a max heap of size k.
Perform heapify and print the root element.
Store the next and last element from the array
Run a loop from k – 1 to n
- Replace the value of element which is got out of the window with new element which came inside the window.
- Perform heapify.
- Print the root of the Heap.

Time Complexity: Time Complexity of steps 4(a) is O(k), 4(b) is O(Log(k)) and it is in a loop that runs (n – k + 1) times. Hence, the time complexity of the complete algorithm is O((k + Log(k)) * n) i.e. O(n * k).

Python3

# Python program to find the maximum for  
# each and every contiguous subarray of 
# size k  
import heapq 
  
# Method to find the maximum for each 
# and every contiguous subarray of s  
# of size k 
def max_of_all_in_k(arr, n): 
    i = 0
    j = k-1
      
    # Create the heap and heapify 
    heap = arr[i:j + 1] 
    heapq._heapify_max(heap) 
      
    # Print the maximum element from  
    # the first window of size k 
    print(heap[0], end =" ") 
    last = arr[i] 
    i+= 1
    j+= 1
    nexts = arr[j] 
      
    # For every remaining element 
    while j < n: 
          
        # Add the next element of the window 
        heap[heap.index(last)] = nexts 
          
        # Heapify to get the maximum  
        # of the current window 
        heapq._heapify_max(heap) 
          
        # Print the current maximum 
        print(heap[0], end =" ") 
        last = arr[i] 
        i+= 1
        j+= 1
        if j < n: 
            nexts = arr[j] 
              
# Driver Function 
n, k = 10, 3
arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] 
max_of_all_in_k(arr, n) 

Output:

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Please write comments if you find the above codes/algorithms incorrect, or find other ways to solve the same problem.

My Personal Notes

Recommended: Please solve it on “PRACTICE ” first, before moving on to the solution.

C++

C

Java

Python3

C#

PHP

C++

Java

Python3

C#

Python3

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