Performing Logarithmic Computations in R Programming – log(), log10(), log1p(), and log2() Functions
Last Updated :
05 Jun, 2020
log()
function in R Language returns the natural logarithm (base-e logarithm) of the argument passed in the parameter.
Syntax: log(x)
Parameter:
x: Specified value.
Returns: It returns the natural logarithm of the specified value, infinity for 0 and NaN for the negative value.
Example 1:
print (log( 1 ))
print (log( 30 ))
print (log( 0 ))
print (log( - 44 ))
|
Output:
[1] 0
[1] 3.401197
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In log(-44) : NaNs produced
log(x, base = y)
The log(x,base=y)
is an inbuilt function in R which is used to compute the logarithm of the specified value to base y, infinity for 0, and NaN for the negative value.
Syntax: log(x, base = y)
Parameters:
x and base y.
Returns: It returns the logarithm of the specified value to base y, infinity for 0, and NaN for the negative value.
Example 2:
print (log( 10 ,base = 10 ))
print (log( 16 ,base = 2 ))
print (log( 0 ,base = 10 ))
print (log( - 44 ,base = 4 ))
|
Output:
[1] 1
[1] 4
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In print(log(-44, base = 4)) : NaNs produced
log10() Function
The log10()
is an inbuilt function in R which is used to compute the logarithm of the specified value to base 10, infinity for 0, and NaN for the negative value.
Syntax: log10(x)
Parameters:
x: Specified values.
Returns: It returns the logarithm of the specified value to base 10,infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Example 2:
print (log10( 1 ))
print (log10( 10 ))
print (log10( 0 ))
print (log10( - 44 ))
|
Output:
[1] 0
[1] 1
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In print(log10(-44)) : NaNs produced
log1p()
The log1p()
is an inbuilt function in R which is used to calculate accurate natural logarithm of 1+x, where x is the specified value and throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Syntax: log1p(x)
Parameters:
x: Specified values.
Returns: It returns the accurate natural logarithm of 1+x, where x is the specified value and throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Example:
print (log1p( 1 ))
print (log1p( 10 ))
print (log1p( 0 ))
print (log1p( - 44 ))
|
Output:
[1] 0.6931472
[1] 2.397895
[1] 0
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In log1p(-44) : NaNs produced
log2()
The log2()
is an inbuilt function in R which is used to calculate the logarithm of x to base 2, where x is the specified value or throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Syntax: log2(x)
Parameters:
x: Specified values.
Returns: It returns the logarithm of x to base 2, where x is the specified value or throws infinity for 0 and NaN for negative value.
Example:
print (log2( 1 ))
print (log2( 2 ))
print (log2( 0 ))
print (log2( - 44 ))
|
Output:
[1] 0
[1] 1
[1] -Inf
[1] NaN
Warning message:
In print(log2(-44)) : NaNs produced
Share your thoughts in the comments
Please Login to comment...