NCERT Solutions Class 9 History Chapter 2 : Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

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NCERT Solutions Class 9 History Chapter 2

Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution: NCERT Solutions Class 9 History Chapter 2

1. Russia before 1905

Question: What were the social, economic, and political conditions in Russia before 1905?

Answer:

The social, economic, and political conditions in Russia before 1905 were as follows:

Social Condition:

Generally, the workers were divided into groups according to their skills and training. Some of them were connected to agriculture, whereas others migrated to cities for their livelihood. The workers who involved themselves in agriculture formed a group called “Commune or Mir.” The religion that had the majority of followers was Russian Orthodox Christianity, which emerged from the Greek Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, the Russian kingdom also had diversity in religions such as Catholic, Buddhist, and Muslim. The non-natives of Russia were never given equality, as the Russian natives and non-natives were also prohibited from following their religion and language.

Economic Condition:

A majority of Russians were agriculturists, which made grain the biggest source of export. The main centers of industry were St. Petersburg and Moscow, although the industries were few in comparison. The bulk of production was mostly done by the craftsmen. Alongside the crafting workplace, there were massive factories as well. Due to the Russian railway network, foreign investment expanded. The production of coal and iron was huge, but the industrialists took advantage of workers and exploited them poorly. The economic condition faced a downfall, which led to a rise in daily goods and a deduction in labor wages. All of this created an eruption in St. Petersburg, along with the strikes that were already ongoing in Russia, by demanding a democratic assembly.

Political Condition:

Russia was a monarch who ruled over some parts of Eastern and Western Europe, Asia, and North America. The political parties were considered illegal at the time; however, the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was established in 1989 by the followers of Marx’s ideology. This only party of that period did not last long and parted ways into two groups: the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks were in the majority, which was led by Vladimir Lenin, and the Mensheviks were commanded by Julius Martov and Pavel Axelrod.

2. Working Population in Russia

Question: In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe before 1917?

Answer:

The workers of other European countries (Germany and England) believed in unity and solidarity, which were not found in Russia. Moreover, Germany and England inaugurated unions for a better livelihood and stood against them to improve work conditions. These associations started funding to help the workers in distress and unpleasant circumstances. More importantly, the workers in other European countries fought to get voting rights as well as a reduction in long working hours. If we talk about the working population in Russia, they were more interested in agriculture, which was 85% of the Russian kingdom. This proportion was way higher than in Germany, France, England, and other European territories. Not only this, but Britain’s Labour Party by communists and the Socialist Party in France were great examples of distinguishing themselves from the Russian Empire.

3. Tsarist Autocracy

Question: Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?

Answer:

Most of the trade unions and factory panels were discarded by mentioning them as illegal after 1905. The prohibition was put in place to end political campaigns. The Tsar abandoned the previous 2 Dumas to avoid accountability, and then the 3rd Duma was introduced and was filled with orthodox politicians. During World War I, the Tsar started to make major decisions without involving the members of the monarchic council. When the Russian army started taking back its steps, the Tsar commanded them to destroy the massive agricultural lands and buildings. Millions of soldiers were martyred on the battleground. The largest part of this empire was agriculturists, but only a few people had control over it, which caused the revolution among the natives and the collapse of the autocracy of the Tsarists in 1917.

4. February and October Revolution Main Events

Question: Make two lists: one with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution, and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders, and what the impact of each was on Soviet history.

Answer:

February Revolution Main Events:

• In February 1917, there was a massive shortage of foodstuffs in their accommodations.
• On February 23, a factory situated on the right side was seized. To support the ongoing situation of these workers, the other 50 factory workers stood and went on strike. A crucial role played by women in such strikes.
• On February 25, the Duma was dismissed by the government.
• On February 27, people plundered the police station and protested to make their lives better by acquiring democracy, balanced working hours, acceptable labor wages, etc. Importantly, a Petrograd Soviet was formed by the workers.
• In March 1917, the Tsar was pressured to step down from his throne and end the autocracy. A temporary government was formed by the Soviet and Duma’s leaders to run the country.

Effects of the February Revolution:

• Prohibitions on unions and communal assemblies were dismissed. More Soviets started to configure, which were a reflection of the Petrograd Soviet but with distinguished election structures and regulatory bodies. A massive change could be seen in trade unions.
• Industrialists in industrial areas formed associations to question the workings and regulations. A new committee is structured in the armed forces of the country.
• The Bolsheviks started to gain power, which led to the downfall of the provisional governments.
• Many committees were organized to control the re-issuance of agricultural lands, which was a prominent demand by the peasants and their revolutionary leaders.

October Revolution Main Events:

• The constant rage between the provisional government and the Bolsheviks reached its peak, and Lenin feared that the opposition could implement dictatorship. Bolshevik supporters were called together in the armed forces and in Soviet and industrial areas.
• On October 16, 1917, Lenin strived to associate the Petrograd Soviet and Bolshevik Parties to sail on the same boat to forfeit power, and then a revolutionary army was deployed by the Soviets under Leon Trotsky to not lose track of forfeited power.
• On October 24, 1917, rebels started to rise, and trustworthy soldiers of the armed forces succeeded in seizing the Bolsheviks’ two press buildings. Hence, the revolutionary army committee commanded their supporters to seize hold of the government’s workplace and arrest the ministers in a rebellious way.
• Winter Palace was bombarded by the Aurora-named ship, and other ships proceeded to control the distinctive soldiery positions. By the end of the month, ministers had left their political positions, and cities came under the control of the Bolsheviks.

October Revolution Effects:

• After the land redistribution commanded by the Bolsheviks, the Russian army began to deteriorate because the majority of them migrated to their homes for land dispersal.
• Non-Bolshevik liberals, communists, and monarch supporters disapproved of the Bolshevik revolution. Their ministers relocated to southern Russia and assembled its armed force to compete with “Red” (a term used for the military of Bolsheviks). In the years 1918 and 1919, a major region of Russia was under the control of “Whites” (Tsarist defenders) and “Greens” (pro-communists).
• The troops of France, America, the United Kingdom, and Japan fulminated against the combatants of Russian communism.
• Loots, scarcity of food, and violence became customary in the course of combat or civil war between these armies and the Bolsheviks.
• Privately owned lands by the defenders of “Whites” confiscated disagreeable gauges against the peasants, which led to condemnation of the favored support for the non-Bolsheviks.

5. Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution

Question: What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?

Answer:

• By November 1917, the industries and banks were nationalized, and the government took the proprietary rights and administration into its own hands.
• The agricultural land was declared public property, whereas the peasants were given the power to forfeit the lands to noblemen.
• As per the family requisites in the cities, segregation of big houses commenced by the Bolsheviks.
• The titles and honors given by the monarch came to an end because a prohibition was put on them to break off the privilege.
• The military and commanders were given new uniforms. The name of the Bolshevik party was substituted by “Russian Communist Party.”.
• The Bolsheviks supervised the election for the constituent assembly. Unfortunately, they did not conquer the votes, which resulted in the dismissal of the assembly by Lenin because the council refused to follow Bolshevik schemes.
• In the aftermath of this, the overall Russian Congress succeeded in taking possession of the country by embellishing the only ruling party.
• The trade unions were kept under the control of the party, and confidential police took the necessary actions against the opponents for criticizing the Bolsheviks. To support socialism, many young artists and writers continued to support the party.
• By the end of December, the Moscow-Petrograd area was dominated by the Bolshevik association.

6. Write a few lines to show what you know about the Following

• Kulaks
• The Duma
• Women workers between 1900 and 1930
• The Liberals
• Stalin’s collectivization program

1. Kulaks-

These were considered peasants with deep pockets who were intended to stock the grains for the rise in the supply market. They had been raided to disseminate this practice so that modernized farms could be developed as well as state-regulated farms.

2. The duma

In 1905, the Tsar permitted the configuration of court advisors, or Duma. Strangely, in 75 days, the first Duma was disestablished and a new Duma was associated in 3 months. The major reason for the dissemination of Dumas was to avoid accountability for his actions and to endure his power. Moreover, a third Duma came into existence that only included conservative politicians. Liberals and radicals were thrown out by the monarch.

3. Women workers between 1900 and 1930

From 1900 to 1930, around 31% of women were engaged in the factories; however, they obtained only half or three-fourths of the labor wage as compared to the working men in the factories. Women fought against the various ongoing strikes for the rise of socialism in Russia. Even so, they were part of communal agricultural lands.

4. The Liberals

The liberals hoped for a vital change in society. They wanted a nation that uniformly admires followers of diverse ethnicities and religions. They demanded the termination of the monarch’s embezzled powers and an elected assembly to regulate the country with an independent judiciary system.

5. Stalin’s collectivization program

Stalin’s collectivization program was established in 1929 and visioned to resolve the concern of food shortages by collating the small fertile lands among the modern and large farms. The peasants were given no choice and compelled to work on the collective farms regulated by the states.

Conclusion – Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution: NCERT Solutions Class 9 History Chapter 2

These notes are made based on CBSE’s new syllabus and guidelines so that you don’t miss out on any important aspects. You will study the beginning of the French Revolution, which caused an eruption between the communities that were divided into liberals, leftists, and conservatives, which sowed the seeds of liberty, equality, and solidarity in Europe.

FAQs: Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution: NCERT Solutions Class 9 History Chapter 2

1. What are the main topics of socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution?

The main topics of Class 9 NCERT History are discussed, which cover: the Russian Revolution, the main events and effects of February, changes after the October Revolution, and global influence.

2. How did socialism play an important role in the Russian Revolution?

These were the supporters of the rise of socialism in Russia, claiming an independent judiciary system and an elected assembly to run a democratic nation without suppressing the peasants and diverse ethnicities.