Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems| Class 12 Geography Notes

Class 12 Geography Chapter 9 is titled the Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems. The chapter talks about the different subparts like Environmental Pollution, Urban Waste Disposal, Rural-Urban Migration, Problems Of Slums, and Land Degradation. Each subpart has a major significance in the context of India and the attached problems tell about the different aspects as per the Indian geographic context.

In this article, we are going to discuss Class 12 Geography Chapter 9: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems in detail.

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

Geography Chapter 9, Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems talks about the different aspect of some issues and problems based on the Geographical Perspective of India. Lets take an overview.

Environmental Pollution

The Environmental Pollution discusses the different types of pollution in India. It includes Water Pollution, Air Pollution, Soil Pollution, and Noise Pollution in detail.

Urban Waste Disposal

The Urban Waste Disposal talks about the different types of urban waste that are produced in the urban locations of India. It also includes the disposal processes of those waste materials in detail.

Rural-Urban Migration

Rural-urban migration is a condition in India that states the process of urbanization process. The direction of this type of happens from the rural location to the urban location.

Problems Of Slums

The problems of slums are the different problems of India related to slums. It also talks about the structure and problems of the slums with the different causes.

Land Degradation

Land degradation is a process where the quality of the soil decreases due to the different human and natural factors. It also says that how the land degradation happens and what are the consequences of it.

Environmental Pollution

Environmental Pollution is a subpart of Chapter 9 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems. Let us discuss the Environmental Pollution in India as mentioned below.

• Air Pollution: Air pollution may be caused when the harmful elements mix into the air. This pollution may cause different types of health issues that may affect our respiratory system.
• Water Pollution: Water pollution happens when the harmful elements into the water. This pollution may impact on the different levels of the ecosystem.
• Soil Pollution: Soil Pollution happens when harmful substances mix with the soil.
• Noise Pollution: Noise Pollution happens when unusual and unpleasant sounds disturb the environment creating high levels of stress, hypertension, and sometimes hearing loss.

Urban Waste Disposal

The Urban Waste Disposal includes the disposal and recycling process of the waste materials. There are so many methods of Urban Waste Disposal and those are majorly dependent on the waste material type.

• The incineration Disposal process is used to generate the energy from the waste material.
• Composting Disposal is used to reduce the pathogen count that is present in the waste.
• Construction and Demolition Waste Disposal is used to recycle and dispose the solid waste like concrete.
• Ceramic Waste Disposal is applied for the no-recyclable wastes.

Rural-Urban Migration

Rural-urban migration happens when the rural people start to go and settle in the urban areas of a certain country. In India, there are so many factors that encourages the rural-urban migration like:

• Poverty
• Lack of basic facilities
• Debt
• Some other difficult conditions.

Problems Of Slums

The slums are the informal housing. They are the densely populated areas that are unsafe and unhealthy.

• The slums and the slum areas are substandard housing which may caused by poverty.
• The slum areas do not have the basic facilities and amenities like water, toilets, electricity, and transport.
• These urban areas develop because these people do not have enough money to live in the attached city.

Land Degradation

Land Degradation is a process that happens due to the different natural and human activities. The human made activities like deforestation, erosion, loss of biodiversity, pollution, and salination contributes in the change of the structure of a landform and soil. It affects the different biophysical and biochemical environment of the earth.

Here are some major causes of the Land Degradation as mentioned below.

• Soil Erosion
• Deforestation
• Overgrazing
• Salinization
• Soil Pollution and Poor Agricultural Practices

Conclusion – Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 9 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

Class 12 Geography Chapter 9 talks about the Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems. In this chapter we have learned about the different subparts like Environmental Pollution, Urban Waste Disposal, Rural-Urban Migration, Problems Of Slums, and Land Degradation.

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems- FAQs

What are the five main causes of land degradation?

Soil pollution, soil erosion, overgrazing, extraction of minerals at a repeated stage and drought are some of the important causes of land degradation.

What are the 5 effects of land degradation?

Its impacts can be far-reaching, including loss of soil fertility, destruction of species habitat and biodiversity, soil erosion, and excessive nutrient runoff into lakes. Land degradation also has serious knock-on effects for humans, such as malnutrition, disease, forced migration, cultural damage, and even war.

What are slums Class 12 geography?

Slums are residential areas of the least choice, dilapidated houses, poor hygienic conditions, poor ventilation, lack of basic amenities like drinking water, light and toilet facilities, etc. Most of the slum population works in low paid, high risk- prone, unorganized sectors of the urban economy.

What are the major problems of slums?

Slums have the following problems: It lacks basic hygiene facilities and prone to unsanitary living conditions. Constant migration increases the population of slums further increases hygiene problem. Lack of basic needs and overcrowding.

What is rural urban migration short notes?

Rural-urban migration refers to the movement of people from rural to urban areas to seek better job opportunities and meet better living requirements. For example, the movement of a former farmer from a village to work as a guard in Mumbai is considered rural-urban migration.

What is the main reason for rural urban migration Class 12?

People usually migrate from rural to urban areas mainly due to poverty, high population pressure’ on land, lack of basic infrastructure facilities like health care, education, availability of regular work, etc.

What is urban waste disposal Class 12 geography?

Urban wastes include wastes collected from residential and industrial areas of towns and cities. They can pose serious health risk hazards if not managed or collected properly.

What are the causes of urban waste disposal?

Some of these problems include overcrowding, congestion, inadequate planning, and lack of facilities for a large population. All these together result in unsanitary conditions and poor air and water quality. Generally, two kinds of urban waste are generated, solid and liquid waste.

What is environmental pollution class 12 geography?

Environmental Pollution refers to the introduction of contaminated particles into the physical and biological components of the atmosphere and earth’s surface.

What is water pollution class 12 geography?

Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of water bodies by various pollutants. It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste or household waste which is discharged into rivers.