Design Issues of Distributed System

The distributed information system is defined as “a number of interdependent computers linked by a network for sharing information among them”. A distributed information system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate or exchange information through a computer network. Design issues of distributed system –

1. Heterogeneity : Heterogeneity is applied to the network, computer hardware, operating system and implementation of different developers. A key component of the heterogeneous distributed system client-server environment is middleware. Middleware is a set of services that enables application and end-user to interacts with each other across a heterogeneous distributed system.
2. Openness: The openness of the distributed system is determined primarily by the degree to which new resource-sharing services can be made available to the users. Open systems are characterized by the fact that their key interfaces are published. It is based on a uniform communication mechanism and published interface for access to shared resources. It can be constructed from heterogeneous hardware and software.
3. Scalability: Scalability of the system should remain efficient even with a significant increase in the number of users and resources connected. It shouldn’t matter if a programme has 10 or 100 nodes; performance shouldn’t vary. A distributed system’s scaling requires consideration of a number of elements, including size, geography, and management.
4. Security : Security of information system has three components Confidentially, integrity and availability. Encryption protects shared resources, keeps sensitive information secrets when transmitted.
5. Failure Handling: When some faults occur in hardware and the software program, it may produce incorrect results or they may stop before they have completed the intended computation so corrective measures should to implemented to handle this case. Failure handling is difficult in distributed systems because the failure is partial i, e, some components fail while others continue to function.
6. Concurrency: There is a possibility that several clients will attempt to access a shared resource at the same time. Multiple users make requests on the same resources, i.e read, write, and update. Each resource must be safe in a concurrent environment. Any object that represents a shared resource in a distributed system must ensure that it operates correctly in a concurrent environment.
7. Transparency : Transparency ensures that the distributes system should be perceived as a single entity by the users or the application programmers rather than the collection of autonomous systems, which is cooperating. The user should be unaware of where the services are located and the transferring from a local machine to a remote one should be transparent.

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