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Check if two trees have same structure

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Given two binary trees. The task is to write a program to check if the two trees are identical in structure.

In the above figure both of the trees, Tree1 and Tree2 are identical in structure. That is, they have the same structure.

Note: This problem is different from Check if two trees are identical as here we need to compare only the structures of the two trees and not the values at their nodes.

The idea is to traverse both trees simultaneously following the same paths and keep checking if a node exists for both the trees or not.

Algorithm:

  1. If both trees are empty then return 1.
  2. Else If both trees are non-empty: 
    • Check left subtrees recursively i.e., call isSameStructure(tree1->left_subtree, tree2->left_subtree)
    • Check right subtrees recursively i.e., call isSameStructure(tree1->right_subtree, tree2->right_subtree)
    • If the value returned in above two steps are true then return 1.
  3. Else return 0 (one is empty and other is not).

Below is the implementation of above algorithm:

C++




// C++ program to check if two trees have
// same structure
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// A binary tree node has data, pointer to left child
// and a pointer to right child
struct Node
{
    int data;
    struct Node* left;
    struct Node* right;
};
 
// Helper function that allocates a new node with the
// given data and NULL left and right pointers.
Node* newNode(int data)
{
    Node* node = new Node;
    node->data = data;
    node->left = NULL;
    node->right = NULL;
    return(node);
}
 
// Function to check if two trees have same
// structure
int isSameStructure(Node* a, Node* b)
{
    // 1. both empty
    if (a==NULL && b==NULL)
        return 1;
    // 2. both non-empty -> compare them
    if (a!=NULL && b!=NULL)
    {
        return
        (
            isSameStructure(a->left, b->left) &&
            isSameStructure(a->right, b->right)
        );
    }
    // 3. one empty, one not -> false
    return 0;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    Node *root1 = newNode(10);
    Node *root2 = newNode(100);
    root1->left = newNode(7);
    root1->right = newNode(15);
    root1->left->left = newNode(4);
    root1->left->right = newNode(9);
    root1->right->right = newNode(20);
 
    root2->left = newNode(70);
    root2->right = newNode(150);
    root2->left->left = newNode(40);
    root2->left->right = newNode(90);
    root2->right->right = newNode(200);
 
    if (isSameStructure(root1, root2))
        printf("Both trees have same structure");
    else
        printf("Trees do not have same structure");
    return 0;
}
 
// This code is contributed by aditya kumar (adityakumar129)


C




// C++ program to check if two trees have
// same structure
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
// A binary tree node has data, pointer to left child
// and a pointer to right child
typedef struct Node {
    int data;
    struct Node* left;
    struct Node* right;
} Node;
 
// Helper function that allocates a new node with the
// given data and NULL left and right pointers.
Node* newNode(int data)
{
    Node* node = (Node*)malloc(sizeof(Node));
    node->data = data;
    node->left = NULL;
    node->right = NULL;
    return (node);
}
 
// Function to check if two trees have same
// structure
int isSameStructure(Node* a, Node* b)
{
    // 1. both empty
    if (a == NULL && b == NULL)
        return 1;
    // 2. both non-empty -> compare them
    if (a != NULL && b != NULL) {
        return (isSameStructure(a->left, b->left)
                && isSameStructure(a->right, b->right));
    }
    // 3. one empty, one not -> false
    return 0;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    Node* root1 = newNode(10);
    Node* root2 = newNode(100);
    root1->left = newNode(7);
    root1->right = newNode(15);
    root1->left->left = newNode(4);
    root1->left->right = newNode(9);
    root1->right->right = newNode(20);
 
    root2->left = newNode(70);
    root2->right = newNode(150);
    root2->left->left = newNode(40);
    root2->left->right = newNode(90);
    root2->right->right = newNode(200);
 
    if (isSameStructure(root1, root2))
        printf("Both trees have same structure");
    else
        printf("Trees do not have same structure");
    return 0;
}
 
// This code is contributed by aditya kumar (adityakumar129)


Java




// Java program to check if two trees have
// same structure
class GFG
{
     
// A binary tree node has data,
// pointer to left child and
// a pointer to right child
static class Node
{
    int data;
    Node left;
    Node right;
};
 
// Helper function that allocates a new node
// with the given data and null left
// and right pointers.
static Node newNode(int data)
{
    Node node = new Node();
    node.data = data;
    node.left = null;
    node.right = null;
 
    return(node);
}
 
// Function to check if two trees
// have same structure
static boolean isSameStructure(Node a, Node b)
{
    // 1. both empty
    if (a == null && b == null)
        return true;
 
    // 2. both non-empty . compare them
    if (a != null && b != null)
    {
        return
        (
            isSameStructure(a.left, b.left) &&
            isSameStructure(a.right, b.right)
        );
    }
     
    // 3. one empty, one not . false
    return false;
}
 
// Driver code
public static void main(String args[])
{
    Node root1 = newNode(10);
    Node root2 = newNode(100);
    root1.left = newNode(7);
    root1.right = newNode(15);
    root1.left.left = newNode(4);
    root1.left.right = newNode(9);
    root1.right.right = newNode(20);
 
    root2.left = newNode(70);
    root2.right = newNode(150);
    root2.left.left = newNode(40);
    root2.left.right = newNode(90);
    root2.right.right = newNode(200);
 
    if (isSameStructure(root1, root2))
        System.out.printf("Both trees have same structure");
    else
        System.out.printf("Trees do not have same structure");
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by Arnab Kundu


Python3




# Python3 program to check if two trees have
# same structure
  
# A binary tree node has data, pointer to left child
# and a pointer to right child
class Node:
     
    def __init__(self, data):
         
        self.left = None
        self.right = None
        self.data = data
 
# Helper function that allocates a new node with the
# given data and None left and right pointers.
def newNode(data):
     
    node = Node(data)
    return node
     
# Function to check if two trees have same
# structure
def isSameStructure(a, b):
 
    # 1. both empty
    if (a == None and b == None):
        return 1;
  
    # 2. both non-empty . compare them
    if (a != None and b != None):
     
        return (
            isSameStructure(a.left, b.left) and
            isSameStructure(a.right, b.right))
         
    # 3. one empty, one not . false
    return 0;
  
# Driver code
if __name__=='__main__':
     
    root1 = newNode(10);
    root2 = newNode(100);
    root1.left = newNode(7);
    root1.right = newNode(15);
    root1.left.left = newNode(4);
    root1.left.right = newNode(9);
    root1.right.right = newNode(20);
  
    root2.left = newNode(70);
    root2.right = newNode(150);
    root2.left.left = newNode(40);
    root2.left.right = newNode(90);
    root2.right.right = newNode(200);
  
    if (isSameStructure(root1, root2)):
        print("Both trees have same structure");
    else:
        print("Trees do not have same structure");
  
# This code is contributed by rutvik_56


C#




// C# program to check if two trees
// have same structure
using System;
 
class GFG
{
     
// A binary tree node has data,
// pointer to left child and
// a pointer to right child
public class Node
{
    public int data;
    public Node left;
    public Node right;
};
 
// Helper function that allocates a new node
// with the given data and null left
// and right pointers.
static Node newNode(int data)
{
    Node node = new Node();
    node.data = data;
    node.left = null;
    node.right = null;
 
    return(node);
}
 
// Function to check if two trees
// have same structure
static Boolean isSameStructure(Node a,
                               Node b)
{
    // 1. both empty
    if (a == null && b == null)
        return true;
 
    // 2. both non-empty . compare them
    if (a != null && b != null)
    {
        return
        (
            isSameStructure(a.left, b.left) &&
            isSameStructure(a.right, b.right)
        );
    }
     
    // 3. one empty, one not . false
    return false;
}
 
// Driver code
public static void Main(String []args)
{
    Node root1 = newNode(10);
    Node root2 = newNode(100);
    root1.left = newNode(7);
    root1.right = newNode(15);
    root1.left.left = newNode(4);
    root1.left.right = newNode(9);
    root1.right.right = newNode(20);
 
    root2.left = newNode(70);
    root2.right = newNode(150);
    root2.left.left = newNode(40);
    root2.left.right = newNode(90);
    root2.right.right = newNode(200);
 
    if (isSameStructure(root1, root2))
        Console.Write("Both trees have "
                      "same structure");
    else
        Console.Write("Trees do not have" +
                      " same structure");
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji


Javascript




<script>
 
// JavaScript program to check if two trees
// have same structure
   
// A binary tree node has data,
// pointer to left child and
// a pointer to right child
class Node
{
  constructor()
  {
    this.data = 0;
    this.left = null;
    this.right = null;
  }
};
 
// Helper function that allocates a new node
// with the given data and null left
// and right pointers.
function newNode(data)
{
    var node = new Node();
    node.data = data;
    node.left = null;
    node.right = null;
    return node;
}
 
// Function to check if two trees
// have same structure
function isSameStructure(a, b)
{
    // 1. both empty
    if (a == null && b == null)
        return true;
 
    // 2. both non-empty . compare them
    if (a != null && b != null)
    {
        return isSameStructure(a.left, b.left) &&
        isSameStructure(a.right, b.right) ;
    }
     
    // 3. one empty, one not . false
    return false;
}
 
// Driver code
var root1 = newNode(10);
var root2 = newNode(100);
root1.left = newNode(7);
root1.right = newNode(15);
root1.left.left = newNode(4);
root1.left.right = newNode(9);
root1.right.right = newNode(20);
root2.left = newNode(70);
root2.right = newNode(150);
root2.left.left = newNode(40);
root2.left.right = newNode(90);
root2.right.right = newNode(200);
if (isSameStructure(root1, root2))
    document.write("Both trees have "
                  "same structure");
else
    document.write("Trees do not have" +
                  " same structure");
 
 
</script>


Output

Both trees have same structure

Time Complexity: O(N)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)



Last Updated : 20 Sep, 2022
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