CDMA 2000

CDMA2000 (also known as C2K or IMT MultiCarrier (IMTMC)) is a set of 3G mobile technology standards used to transmit speech, data, and signaling data between mobile phones and cell sites. It is primarily utilized in North America and South Korea and was created by 3GPP2 as a backward-compatible replacement for the second-generation CDMA One (IS-95) set of specifications. A rival set of 3G protocols called UMTS, created by 3GPP and utilized in Europe, Japan, China, and Singapore, is contrasted with CDMA2000.

In this Article, We will go through CDMA 2000, We will start our Article with an Introduction to the CDMA, then we will go through the Features of CDMA and We will look at the Standards of CDMA 2000, then we will go through Radio access Network and Core Network of CDMA 2000, After that we will go through CDMA 2000 Protocols and Call Setup process, At last we will Conclude our Article with its Advantages, Disadvantages, Applications and Some FAQs?

What is CDMA?

CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of the several wireless communication methods used in second-generation (2G) & third-generation (3G). As the name suggests, CDMA is a type of multiplexing that maximizes the utilization of available bandwidth by allowing several signals to occupy a single transmission channel. Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular phone networks operating in the 800 megahertz (MHz) and 1.9 gigahertz (GHz) bands employ this technology.

Features of CDMA

The features of CDMA are as follows :

• Ability to access multiple locations at once: Through the use of unique codes assigned to each user, CDMA enables numerous users to share the same frequency band. Interference between users is avoided as a result.
• Control of power: Power control is a tool used by CDMA systems to lower noise and interference while boosting network performance.
• Higher-quality voice: Increased capacity for voice and data communication is made possible via CDMA, which enables more people to communicate at once. CDMA is noted for its ability to deliver good call quality and support for high data rates.
• Disperse the spectrum: Spread-spectrum technology, such as CDMA, divides digital signals or frequencies into many channels or over a whole spectrum.
• Rejecting interference: The spread spectrum characteristic of CDMA renders it a more secure communication method. It makes things challenging for any user’s signal to be intercepted and decoded by an attacker.

CDMA2000 Standards

The following are CDMA2000 standards:

• CDMA2000 1xRTT: Supports data as well as voice at up to 144 kbps data speeds.
• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO: Offers faster data rates, up to 3.1 Mbps, and is primarily used for data services.
• 1xEV-DV CDMA2000: Combines voice and data while also providing high-speed connectivity.
• CDMA2000 3x: A portion of IMT-2000, as defined by the ITU Multiple Carrier CDMA
• CDMA2000 1x: Generally regarded as a 2.5G technology

Radio Access Network (RAN)

Third-generation networks such as the CDMA2000 radio access network (RAN) enable complex mobile multimedia applications. A radio access network (RAN) is a key element of contemporary telecommunications that uses radio links to link devices to other areas of a network. It consists of software interfaces, antennas, radio and baseband units. Another name for a RAN is a radio network. It is a part of CDMA networks, such as CDMA2000 and IS-95.

CDMA2000 Core Network

CDMA2000 is a 3G network that transmits voice, data, and other information using a set of standards. Additionally, it can be used to access a 2G network because it is backward compatible.

An upgraded air interface in the CDMA2000 system allows CDMA to operate over larger bandwidths for increased capacity and data speeds. Additionally, it preserves backward compatibility with end-user IS-95 CDMA devices currently in use.

Data is sent by CDMA2000 systems using quadrature phase shift keying, or QPSK.

Network

CDMA2000 Protocols

CDMA2000 is a technology that enables CDMA operators to upgrade their CDMA One/IS-95 to 2.5G and 3G cellular networks. It is sometimes referred to as IMT-CDMA Multi-Carrier or IS-2000. The standards organization 3GPP2, which is responsible for CDMA2000, outlines all of the network’s features, interfaces, and protocols.

Many operators have embraced CDMA2000, which is typically introduced in stages. In a mobile setting, the first phase, CDMA2000 1x, supports packet data at an average rate of 144 kbps. On a dedicated data carrier, 1x-EV-DO, the second release of 1x, enables data speeds of up to 2 M bits/sec. Lastly, 1x-EV-DV will offer even greater peak rates, enhanced QoS mechanisms, and simultaneous voice and high-speed data.

The following is a list of all CDMA2000 protocols :

• A1: SCCP, MTP3, MTP2, MTP1, A1 Signaling
• A3: TCP, IP, AAL5, SSSAR, AAL2;
• A7: TCP, IP, A7 Signaling , AAL5
• A8: PPP, IP, and GRE
• A9: TCP, UDP, and IP A9 Signaling
• A10: IP, GRE, and PPP
• A11: Mobile IP, PPP, UDP, IP, and A11 Signaling
• A12: IP, PPP, UDP, RADIUS
• A13: TCP/UDP, IP, A13 Signaling
• A14: TCP/UDP, IP, A14 Signaling
• A15: TCP/UDP, IP, A15 Signaling
• 3GPP2 for iOS 3.x and 4.x
• Additional Protocols: IPCP, Diameter, IKE, PPP in HDLC-like Framing

CDMA2000 Call Setup Process

The procedure of setting up a CDMA2000 call involves multiple steps. Any procedure mistake could prevent the next steps from happening.

The steps involved in setting up a CDMA2000 call are as follows:

• The Paging Request Message is sent by the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC).
• Through the A1 interface, the BSC/PCF sends a CM Service Request message, to which the MSC replies.
• The MS, or subscriber’s handset, communicates with the access network to acquire radio resources needed for packet exchange.
• The MS monitors the condition of radio resources.

Roaming in CDMA2000

One essential component of wireless systems is roaming. A 3G technology standard called CDMA2000 1X was introduced to the market for the first time in October 2000. Internationally usable CDMA2000 devices are required to include a GSM radio as well.

Phones with several bands and modes can roam universally across GSM/WCDMA and CDMA2000 networks. Trials for roaming across GSM and CDMA networks are presently conducted in certain networks in Southeast Asia.

Applications of CDMA2000

given below are some of the Applications of CDMA2000

• Multimedia: CDMA2000 supports multimedia services such as internet browsing, streaming videos, and mobile TV, providing users with access to a wide range of entertainment and information content on their mobile devices.
• Data Services:CDMA2000 enables circuit-switched data services like phone calls, SMS (Short Message Service), and MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service).
• Improved Data Services:CDMA200 Provides Improved Data Services, enabling faster and more efficient communication.
• Security:CDMA2000 Provides Security measures to protect user information and communication.
• Location-Based Services (LBS): CDMA2000 enables location-based services such as GPS navigation, location tracking.

Advantages and Disadvantages of CDMA2000

There are some list of Advantages and Disadvantages of CDMA2000 given below :

Advantages of CDMA2000

Some of the benefits of CDMA2000 are:

• Voice quality: CDMA 2000 is Better than GSM in terms of voice quality and more constant sound.
• Data connectivity: CDMA 2000 uses Effective spectrum and high-speed broadband data connectivity.
• Network: CDMA 2000 has Adaptable resource distribution and network.
• Capacity: It has Expanded capability and robust assistance for data services.
• Compatibility: It provides seamless transition to 4G and worldwide compatibility.

Disadvantages of CDMA2000

The following are a few drawbacks of CDMA2000:

• Pollution through channels: CDMA2000 can do contamination of the channels
• Transmission of both data and voice: CDMA2000 1xEV-DO requires a separate channel for voice services, requiring customers to switch between modes, which might result in disruptions and delays.
• Time synchronization: Time synchronization is necessary for CDMA.
• Service quality: As the user base grows, service quality declines.
• Self-jamming: CDMA is known to have near-far issues and is self-jamming.
• Length of code: In CDMA, the code length needs to be chosen extremely carefully since a long code could result in delays.

Conclusion

As an improvement to the CDMA standard, Qualcomm created CDMA2000 technology in the late 1990s. UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was supposed to be the 4G replacement for CDMA2000; however, Qualcomm declared in November 2008 that it was stopping development of the technology in favour of LTE. Many methods used in second- and third-generation (3G and 2G) wireless communication—typically used for mobile communication—are referred to as code division multiple access (CDMA). Transmitting digital data over the air in the form of ones and zeros is the goal of CDMA technology.

CDMA 2000 – FAQs

What is the difference between CDMA2000 and EVDO?

CDMA2000 is a third-generation (3G) technology that offers voice and data services. Mobile data at high speeds is made possible by the CDMA2000 upgrade known as EVDO (Evolution-Data Optimized). Voice services from a cellular provider can be used in combination with EVDO.

What is the difference between W CDMA and CDMA2000?

Compared to WCDMA, CDMA2000 uses a smaller bandwidth—typically 1.25 MHz—and a fixed spreading factor (SF) of 128. Moreover, CDMA2000 employs a chip rate of 1.2288 Mcps, which is less than 3.84 Mcps used by WCDMA. Only frequency division duplex (FDD) mode is supported by CDMA2000, although several carriers can be used for larger data speeds.

What is the data rate of CDMA2000?

Although cdma2000 1xRTT can reach data rates of about 144 kbps, the CDMA carrier’s capacity to serve voice traffic channels is greatly diminished at higher data rates.