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2-Satisfiability (2-SAT) Problem

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Boolean Satisfiability Problem

Boolean Satisfiability or simply SAT is the problem of determining if a Boolean formula is satisfiable or unsatisfiable. 

  • Satisfiable : If the Boolean variables can be assigned values such that the formula turns out to be TRUE, then we say that the formula is satisfiable.
  • Unsatisfiable : If it is not possible to assign such values, then we say that the formula is unsatisfiable.

Examples: 

  • *** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
    F = A \wedge \bar{B}      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    *** Error message:
    Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
    Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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    http://wordpress.org/support/topic/an-unexpected-http-error-occurred-during-the-api-request-on-wordpress-3?replies=37
    , is satisfiable, because A = TRUE and B = FALSE makes F = TRUE.
  • *** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
    G = A \wedge \bar{A}      
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    *** Error message:
    Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
    Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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    , is unsatisfiable, because: 
     
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
A







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
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*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{A}







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
These links might help in finding solution:
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http://wordpress.org/support/topic/an-unexpected-http-error-occurred-during-the-api-request-on-wordpress-3?replies=37
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
G







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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TRUEFALSEFALSE
FALSETRUEFALSE


 

Note : Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete (For proof, refer Cook’s Theorem).

Boolean Satisfiability Problem

What is 2-SAT Problem

2-SAT is a special case of Boolean Satisfiability Problem and can be solved 
in polynomial time.

To understand this better, first let us see what is Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) or also known as Product of Sums (POS). 

CNF : CNF is a conjunction (AND) of clauses, where every clause is a disjunction (OR).
Now, 2-SAT limits the problem of SAT to only those Boolean formula which are expressed as a CNF with every clause having only 2 terms(also called 2-CNF).

Example: 

*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
F = (A_1 \vee B_1) \wedge (A_2 \vee B_2) \wedge (A_3 \vee B_3) \wedge ....... \wedge (A_m \vee B_m)     







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
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Thus, Problem of 2-Satisfiability can be stated as:

Given CNF with each clause having only 2 terms, is it possible to assign such values to the variables so that the CNF is TRUE?

Examples: 
 

Input :
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
F = (x1 \vee x2) \wedge (x2 \vee \bar{x1}) \wedge (\bar{x1} \vee \bar{x2})







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
These links might help in finding solution:
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Output : The given expression is satisfiable. (for x1 = FALSE, x2 = TRUE)Input :
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
F = (x1 \vee x2) \wedge (x2 \vee \bar{x1}) \wedge (x1 \vee \bar{x2}) \wedge (\bar{x1} \vee \bar{x2})







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
These links might help in finding solution:
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Output : The given expression is unsatisfiable. (for all possible combinations of x1 and x2)

Approach for 2-SAT Problem


For the CNF value to come TRUE, value of every clause should be TRUE. Let one of the clause be 

*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
(A \vee B)      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
These links might help in finding solution:
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.
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
     







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
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= TRUE 

  • If A = 0, B must be 1 i.e. 
    *** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
    (\bar{A} \Rightarrow B)
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    *** Error message:
    Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
    Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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    http://wordpress.org/support/topic/an-unexpected-http-error-occurred-during-the-api-request-on-wordpress-3?replies=37
  • If B = 0, A must be 1 i.e. 
    *** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
    (\bar{B} \Rightarrow A)
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    *** Error message:
    Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
    Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
    These links might help in finding solution:
    http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/core-control/
    http://wordpress.org/support/topic/an-unexpected-http-error-occurred-during-the-api-request-on-wordpress-3?replies=37

Thus, 

(A \vee B) = TRUE is equivalent to (\bar{A} \Rightarrow B) \wedge (\bar{B} \Rightarrow A)

Now, we can express the CNF as an Implication. So, we create an Implication Graph which has 2 edges for every clause of the CNF. 

*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
(A \vee B)      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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is expressed in Implication Graph as 
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
edge(\bar{A} \rightarrow B) \ & edge(\bar{B} \rightarrow A)     







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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Thus, for a Boolean formula with ‘m’ clauses, we make an Implication Graph with: 

  • 2 edges for every clause i.e. ‘2m’ edges.
  • 1 node for every Boolean variable involved in the Boolean formula.

Let’s see one example of Implication Graph. 

*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
    







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
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Approach for 2-SAT Problem

Note: The implication (if A then B) is equivalent to its contrapositive (if 

*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{B}      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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then 
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{A}      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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).
Now, consider the following cases:

CASE 1: If
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
edge(X \rightarrow \bar{X})







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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[Tex]exists in the graph [/Tex]This means
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
(X \Rightarrow \bar{X})







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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If X = TRUE,
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{X}







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
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= TRUE, which is a contradiction.But if X = FALSE, there are no implication constraints.Thus, X = FALSE
CASE 2: If
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
edge(\bar{X} \rightarrow X)







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
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[Tex]exists in the graph [/Tex]This means
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
(\bar{X} \Rightarrow X)







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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If
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{X}







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
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= TRUE, X = TRUE, which is a contradiction.But if
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{X}







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
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= FALSE, there are no implication constraints.Thus,
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{X}







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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= FALSE i.e. X = TRUE
CASE 3: If
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
edge(X \rightarrow \bar{X}) \& edge(\bar{X} \rightarrow X)







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
These links might help in finding solution:
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[Tex]both exist in the graph [/Tex]One edge requires X to be TRUE and the other one requires X to be FALSE.Thus, there is no possible assignment in such a case.


CONCLUSION: 

If any two variables 

*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
X      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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and 
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{X}      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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are on a cycle i.e. 
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
path(\bar{A} \rightarrow B) \& path({B} \rightarrow A)      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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both exists, then the CNF is unsatisfiable. Otherwise, there is a possible assignment and the CNF is satisfiable. 
Note here that, we use path due to the following property of implication: 
If we have 
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
(A \Rightarrow B) \& (B \Rightarrow C), then A \Rightarrow C      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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Thus, if we have a path in the Implication Graph, that is pretty much same as having a direct edge.

CONCLUSION FROM IMPLEMENTATION POINT OF VIEW: 

If both X and 

*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{X}      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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lie in the same SCC (Strongly Connected Component), the CNF is unsatisfiable. 
A Strongly Connected Component of a directed graph has nodes such that every node can be reach from every another node in that SCC. 
Now, if X and 
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
\bar{X}      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10001 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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lie on the same SCC, we will definitely have 
*** QuickLaTeX cannot compile formula:
path(\bar{A} \rightarrow B) \& path({B} \rightarrow A)      







*** Error message:
Cannot connect to QuickLaTeX server: cURL error 28: Connection timed out after 10000 milliseconds
Please make sure your server/PHP settings allow HTTP requests to external resources ("allow_url_fopen", etc.)
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present and hence the conclusion.
Checking of the SCC can be done in O(E+V) using the Kosaraju’s Algorithm

Implementation:

C++

// C++ implementation to find if the given
// expression is satisfiable using the
// Kosaraju's Algorithm
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
const int MAX = 100000;
 
// data structures used to implement Kosaraju's
// Algorithm. Please refer
vector<int> adj[MAX];
vector<int> adjInv[MAX];
bool visited[MAX];
bool visitedInv[MAX];
stack<int> s;
 
// this array will store the SCC that the
// particular node belongs to
int scc[MAX];
 
// counter maintains the number of the SCC
int counter = 1;
 
// adds edges to form the original graph
void addEdges(int a, int b)
{
    adj[a].push_back(b);
}
 
// add edges to form the inverse graph
void addEdgesInverse(int a, int b)
{
    adjInv[b].push_back(a);
}
 
// for STEP 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm
void dfsFirst(int u)
{
    if(visited[u])
        return;
 
    visited[u] = 1;
 
    for (int i=0;i<adj[u].size();i++)
        dfsFirst(adj[u][i]);
 
    s.push(u);
}
 
// for STEP 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm
void dfsSecond(int u)
{
    if(visitedInv[u])
        return;
 
    visitedInv[u] = 1;
 
    for (int i=0;i<adjInv[u].size();i++)
        dfsSecond(adjInv[u][i]);
 
    scc[u] = counter;
}
 
// function to check 2-Satisfiability
void is2Satisfiable(int n, int m, int a[], int b[])
{
    // adding edges to the graph
    for(int i=0;i<m;i++)
    {
        // variable x is mapped to x
        // variable -x is mapped to n+x = n-(-x)
 
        // for a[i] or b[i], addEdges -a[i] -> b[i]
        // AND -b[i] -> a[i]
        if (a[i]>0 && b[i]>0)
        {
            addEdges(a[i]+n, b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(a[i]+n, b[i]);
            addEdges(b[i]+n, a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(b[i]+n, a[i]);
        }
 
        else if (a[i]>0 && b[i]<0)
        {
            addEdges(a[i]+n, n-b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(a[i]+n, n-b[i]);
            addEdges(-b[i], a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-b[i], a[i]);
        }
 
        else if (a[i]<0 && b[i]>0)
        {
            addEdges(-a[i], b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-a[i], b[i]);
            addEdges(b[i]+n, n-a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(b[i]+n, n-a[i]);
        }
 
        else
        {
            addEdges(-a[i], n-b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-a[i], n-b[i]);
            addEdges(-b[i], n-a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-b[i], n-a[i]);
        }
    }
 
    // STEP 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm which
    // traverses the original graph
    for (int i=1;i<=2*n;i++)
        if (!visited[i])
            dfsFirst(i);
 
    // STEP 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm which
    // traverses the inverse graph. After this,
    // array scc[] stores the corresponding value
    while (!s.empty())
    {
        int n = s.top();
        s.pop();
 
        if (!visitedInv[n])
        {
            dfsSecond(n);
            counter++;
        }
    }
 
    for (int i=1;i<=n;i++)
    {
        // for any 2 variable x and -x lie in
        // same SCC
        if(scc[i]==scc[i+n])
        {
            cout << "The given expression "
                 "is unsatisfiable." << endl;
            return;
        }
    }
 
    // no such variables x and -x exist which lie
    // in same SCC
    cout << "The given expression is satisfiable."
         << endl;
    return;
}
 
//  Driver function to test above functions
int main()
{
    // n is the number of variables
    // 2n is the total number of nodes
    // m is the number of clauses
    int n = 5, m = 7;
 
    // each clause is of the form a or b
    // for m clauses, we have a[m], b[m]
    // representing a[i] or b[i]
 
    // Note:
    // 1 <= x <= N for an uncomplemented variable x
    // -N <= x <= -1 for a complemented variable x
    // -x is the complement of a variable x
 
    // The CNF being handled is:
    // '+' implies 'OR' and '*' implies 'AND'
    // (x1+x2)*(x2’+x3)*(x1’+x2’)*(x3+x4)*(x3’+x5)*
    // (x4’+x5’)*(x3’+x4)
    int a[] = {1, -2, -1, 3, -3, -4, -3};
    int b[] = {2, 3, -2, 4, 5, -5, 4};
 
    // We have considered the same example for which
    // Implication Graph was made
    is2Satisfiable(n, m, a, b);
 
    return 0;
}

                    

Java

// Java implementation to find if the given
// expression is satisfiable using the
// Kosaraju's Algorithm
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
 
class GFG{
 
static final int MAX = 100000;
 
// Data structures used to implement Kosaraju's
// Algorithm. Please refer
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
static List<List<Integer> > adj = new ArrayList();
 
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
static List<List<Integer> > adjInv = new ArrayList();
static boolean[] visited = new boolean[MAX];
static boolean[] visitedInv = new boolean[MAX];
static Stack<Integer> s = new Stack<Integer>();
 
// This array will store the SCC that the
// particular node belongs to
static int[] scc = new int[MAX];
 
// counter maintains the number of the SCC
static int counter = 1;
 
// Adds edges to form the original graph void
static void addEdges(int a, int b)
{
    adj.get(a).add(b);
}
 
// Add edges to form the inverse graph
static void addEdgesInverse(int a, int b)
{
    adjInv.get(b).add(a);
}
 
// For STEP 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm
static void dfsFirst(int u)
{
    if (visited[u])
        return;
 
    visited[u] = true;
 
    for(int i = 0; i < adj.get(u).size(); i++)
        dfsFirst(adj.get(u).get(i));
 
    s.push(u);
}
 
// For STEP 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm
static void dfsSecond(int u)
{
    if (visitedInv[u])
        return;
 
    visitedInv[u] = true;
 
    for(int i = 0; i < adjInv.get(u).size(); i++)
        dfsSecond(adjInv.get(u).get(i));
 
    scc[u] = counter;
}
 
// Function to check 2-Satisfiability
static void is2Satisfiable(int n, int m,
                           int a[], int b[])
{
     
    // Adding edges to the graph
    for(int i = 0; i < m; i++)
    {
         
        // variable x is mapped to x
        // variable -x is mapped to n+x = n-(-x)
 
        // for a[i] or b[i], addEdges -a[i] -> b[i]
        // AND -b[i] -> a[i]
        if (a[i] > 0 && b[i] > 0)
        {
            addEdges(a[i] + n, b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(a[i] + n, b[i]);
            addEdges(b[i] + n, a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(b[i] + n, a[i]);
        }
 
        else if (a[i] > 0 && b[i] < 0)
        {
            addEdges(a[i] + n, n - b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(a[i] + n, n - b[i]);
            addEdges(-b[i], a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-b[i], a[i]);
        }
 
        else if (a[i] < 0 && b[i] > 0)
        {
            addEdges(-a[i], b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-a[i], b[i]);
            addEdges(b[i] + n, n - a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(b[i] + n, n - a[i]);
        }
 
        else
        {
            addEdges(-a[i], n - b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-a[i], n - b[i]);
            addEdges(-b[i], n - a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-b[i], n - a[i]);
        }
    }
 
    // STEP 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm which
    // traverses the original graph
    for(int i = 1; i <= 2 * n; i++)
        if (!visited[i])
            dfsFirst(i);
 
    // STEP 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm which
    // traverses the inverse graph. After this,
    // array scc[] stores the corresponding value
    while (!s.isEmpty())
    {
        int top = s.peek();
        s.pop();
 
        if (!visitedInv[top])
        {
            dfsSecond(top);
            counter++;
        }
    }
 
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
    {
         
        // For any 2 variable x and -x lie in
        // same SCC
        if (scc[i] == scc[i + n])
        {
            System.out.println("The given expression" +
                               "is unsatisfiable.");
            return;
        }
    }
 
    // No such variables x and -x exist which lie
    // in same SCC
    System.out.println("The given expression " +
                       "is satisfiable.");
}
 
// Driver code
public static void main(String[] args)
{
     
    // n is the number of variables
    // 2n is the total number of nodes
    // m is the number of clauses
    int n = 5, m = 7;
 
    for(int i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
    {
        adj.add(new ArrayList<Integer>());
        adjInv.add(new ArrayList<Integer>());
    }
 
    // Each clause is of the form a or b
    // for m clauses, we have a[m], b[m]
    // representing a[i] or b[i]
 
    // Note:
    // 1 <= x <= N for an uncomplemented variable x
    // -N <= x <= -1 for a complemented variable x
    // -x is the complement of a variable x
 
    // The CNF being handled is:
    // '+' implies 'OR' and '*' implies 'AND'
    // (x1+x2)*(x2â??+x3)*(x1â??+x2â??)*(x3+x4)*(x3â??+x5)*
    // (x4â??+x5â??)*(x3â??+x4)
    int a[] = { 1, -2, -1, 3, -3, -4, -3 };
    int b[] = { 2, 3, -2, 4, 5, -5, 4 };
 
    // We have considered the same example
    // for which Implication Graph was made
    is2Satisfiable(n, m, a, b);
}
}
 
// This code is contributed by jithin

                    

Python3

from collections import defaultdict
 
# Constants
MAX = 100000
 
# Data structures used to implement Kosaraju's Algorithm
adj = defaultdict(list)
adj_inv = defaultdict(list)
visited = [False] * (MAX + 1)
visited_inv = [False] * (MAX + 1)
s = []
scc = [0] * (MAX + 1)
counter = 1
 
# Function to add edges to form the original graph
def add_edges(a, b):
    adj[a].append(b)
 
# Function to add edges to form the inverse graph
def add_edges_inverse(a, b):
    adj_inv[b].append(a)
 
# STEP 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm - DFS on the original graph
def dfs_first(u):
    if visited[u]:
        return
 
    visited[u] = True
 
    for neighbor in adj[u]:
        dfs_first(neighbor)
 
    s.append(u)
 
# STEP 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm - DFS on the inverse graph
def dfs_second(u):
    if visited_inv[u]:
        return
 
    visited_inv[u] = True
 
    for neighbor in adj_inv[u]:
        dfs_second(neighbor)
 
    scc[u] = counter
 
# Function to check 2-Satisfiability
def is_2_satisfiable(n, m, a, b):
    global counter  # Declare counter as a global variable
 
    # Adding edges to the graph
    for i in range(m):
        if a[i] > 0 and b[i] > 0:
            add_edges(a[i] + n, b[i])
            add_edges_inverse(a[i] + n, b[i])
            add_edges(b[i] + n, a[i])
            add_edges_inverse(b[i] + n, a[i])
        elif a[i] > 0 and b[i] < 0:
            add_edges(a[i] + n, n - b[i])
            add_edges_inverse(a[i] + n, n - b[i])
            add_edges(-b[i], a[i])
            add_edges_inverse(-b[i], a[i])
        elif a[i] < 0 and b[i] > 0:
            add_edges(-a[i], b[i])
            add_edges_inverse(-a[i], b[i])
            add_edges(b[i] + n, n - a[i])
            add_edges_inverse(b[i] + n, n - a[i])
        else:
            add_edges(-a[i], n - b[i])
            add_edges_inverse(-a[i], n - b[i])
            add_edges(-b[i], n - a[i])
            add_edges_inverse(-b[i], n - a[i])
 
    # STEP 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm - Traverse the original graph
    for i in range(1, 2 * n + 1):
        if not visited[i]:
            dfs_first(i)
 
    # STEP 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm - Traverse the inverse graph
    while s:
        node = s.pop()
        if not visited_inv[node]:
            dfs_second(node)
            counter += 1
 
    # Check if there exist variables x and -x in the same SCC
    for i in range(1, n + 1):
        if scc[i] == scc[i + n]:
            print("The given expression is unsatisfiable.")
            return
 
    # No such variables x and -x exist in the same SCC
    print("The given expression is satisfiable.")
 
# Driver function to test the implementation
def main():
    # Number of variables, number of clauses
    n, m = 5, 7
 
    # Example CNF (x1+x2)*(x2’+x3)*(x1’+x2’)*(x3+x4)*(x3’+x5)*(x4’+x5’)*(x3’+x4)
    a = [1, -2, -1, 3, -3, -4, -3]
    b = [2, 3, -2, 4, 5, -5, 4]
 
    is_2_satisfiable(n, m, a, b)
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

                    

C#

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
 
class TwoSatisfiability
{
    const int MAX = 100000;
 
    // Data structures used to implement Kosaraju's Algorithm
    static List<int>[] adj = new List<int>[MAX];
    static List<int>[] adjInv = new List<int>[MAX];
    static bool[] visited = new bool[MAX];
    static bool[] visitedInv = new bool[MAX];
    static Stack<int> s = new Stack<int>();
 
    // This array will store the SCC that the particular node belongs to
    static int[] scc = new int[MAX];
 
    // Counter maintains the number of the SCC
    static int counter = 1;
 
    // Adds edges to form the original graph
    static void AddEdges(int a, int b)
    {
        adj[a].Add(b);
    }
 
    // Adds edges to form the inverse graph
    static void AddEdgesInverse(int a, int b)
    {
        adjInv[b].Add(a);
    }
 
    // STEP 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm
    static void DfsFirst(int u)
    {
        if (visited[u])
            return;
 
        visited[u] = true;
 
        foreach (var v in adj[u])
            DfsFirst(v);
 
        s.Push(u);
    }
 
    // STEP 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm
    static void DfsSecond(int u)
    {
        if (visitedInv[u])
            return;
 
        visitedInv[u] = true;
 
        foreach (var v in adjInv[u])
            DfsSecond(v);
 
        scc[u] = counter;
    }
 
    // Function to check 2-Satisfiability
    static void Is2Satisfiable(int n, int m, int[] a, int[] b)
    {
        // Initialize the arrays
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX; i++)
        {
            adj[i] = new List<int>();
            adjInv[i] = new List<int>();
        }
 
        // Adding edges to the graph
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
        {
            if (a[i] > 0 && b[i] > 0)
            {
                AddEdges(a[i] + n, b[i]);
                AddEdgesInverse(a[i] + n, b[i]);
                AddEdges(b[i] + n, a[i]);
                AddEdgesInverse(b[i] + n, a[i]);
            }
            else if (a[i] > 0 && b[i] < 0)
            {
                AddEdges(a[i] + n, n - b[i]);
                AddEdgesInverse(a[i] + n, n - b[i]);
                AddEdges(-b[i], a[i]);
                AddEdgesInverse(-b[i], a[i]);
            }
            else if (a[i] < 0 && b[i] > 0)
            {
                AddEdges(-a[i], b[i]);
                AddEdgesInverse(-a[i], b[i]);
                AddEdges(b[i] + n, n - a[i]);
                AddEdgesInverse(b[i] + n, n - a[i]);
            }
            else
            {
                AddEdges(-a[i], n - b[i]);
                AddEdgesInverse(-a[i], n - b[i]);
                AddEdges(-b[i], n - a[i]);
                AddEdgesInverse(-b[i], n - a[i]);
            }
        }
 
        // STEP 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm which traverses the original graph
        for (int i = 1; i <= 2 * n; i++)
            if (!visited[i])
                DfsFirst(i);
 
        // STEP 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm which traverses the inverse graph.
        // After this, array scc[] stores the corresponding value
        while (s.Count > 0)
        {
            int node = s.Pop();
 
            if (!visitedInv[node])
            {
                DfsSecond(node);
                counter++;
            }
        }
 
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
        {
            // For any 2 variables x and -x lie in the same SCC
            if (scc[i] == scc[i + n])
            {
                Console.WriteLine("The given expression is unsatisfiable.");
                return;
            }
        }
 
        // No such variables x and -x exist which lie in the same SCC
        Console.WriteLine("The given expression is satisfiable.");
    }
 
    // Driver function to test above functions
    static void Main()
    {
        // n is the number of variables
        // 2n is the total number of nodes
        // m is the number of clauses
        int n = 5, m = 7;
 
        // Each clause is of the form a or b
        // For m clauses, we have a[m], b[m] representing a[i] or b[i]
 
        // Note:
        // 1 <= x <= N for an uncomplemented variable x
        // -N <= x <= -1 for a complemented variable x
        // -x is the complement of a variable x
 
        // The CNF being handled is:
        // '+' implies 'OR' and '*' implies 'AND'
        // (x1+x2)*(x2’+x3)*(x1’+x2’)*(x3+x4)*(x3’+x5)*
        // (x4’+x5’)*(x3’+x4)
        int[] a = { 1, -2, -1, 3, -3, -4, -3 };
        int[] b = { 2, 3, -2, 4, 5, -5, 4 };
 
        // We have considered the same example for which
        // Implication Graph was made
        Is2Satisfiable(n, m, a, b);
    }
}

                    

Javascript

// Data structures used to implement Kosaraju's Algorithm
const MAX = 100000;
const adj = new Array(MAX).fill(0).map(() => []);
const adjInv = new Array(MAX).fill(0).map(() => []);
const visited = new Array(MAX).fill(false);
const visitedInv = new Array(MAX).fill(false);
const s = [];
 
// This array will store the SCC that the particular node belongs to
const scc = new Array(MAX).fill(0);
 
// Counter maintains the number of the SCC
let counter = 1;
 
// Adds edges to form the original graph
function addEdges(a, b) {
    adj[a].push(b);
}
 
// Adds edges to form the inverse graph
function addEdgesInverse(a, b) {
    adjInv[b].push(a);
}
 
// Step 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm
function dfsFirst(u) {
    if (visited[u]) return;
    visited[u] = true;
 
    for (let i = 0; i < adj[u].length; i++)
        dfsFirst(adj[u][i]);
 
    s.push(u);
}
 
// Step 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm
function dfsSecond(u) {
    if (visitedInv[u]) return;
    visitedInv[u] = true;
 
    for (let i = 0; i < adjInv[u].length; i++)
        dfsSecond(adjInv[u][i]);
 
    scc[u] = counter;
}
 
// Function to check 2-Satisfiability
function is2Satisfiable(n, m, a, b) {
    // Adding edges to the graph
    for (let i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        if (a[i] > 0 && b[i] > 0) {
            addEdges(a[i] + n, b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(a[i] + n, b[i]);
            addEdges(b[i] + n, a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(b[i] + n, a[i]);
        } else if (a[i] > 0 && b[i] < 0) {
            addEdges(a[i] + n, n - b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(a[i] + n, n - b[i]);
            addEdges(-b[i], a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-b[i], a[i]);
        } else if (a[i] < 0 && b[i] > 0) {
            addEdges(-a[i], b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-a[i], b[i]);
            addEdges(b[i] + n, n - a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(b[i] + n, n - a[i]);
        } else {
            addEdges(-a[i], n - b[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-a[i], n - b[i]);
            addEdges(-b[i], n - a[i]);
            addEdgesInverse(-b[i], n - a[i]);
        }
    }
 
    // Step 1 of Kosaraju's Algorithm which traverses the original graph
    for (let i = 1; i <= 2 * n; i++)
        if (!visited[i])
            dfsFirst(i);
 
    // Step 2 of Kosaraju's Algorithm which traverses the inverse graph
    while (s.length > 0) {
        const node = s.pop();
 
        if (!visitedInv[node]) {
            dfsSecond(node);
            counter++;
        }
    }
 
    for (let i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        if (scc[i] === scc[i + n]) {
            console.log("The given expression is unsatisfiable.");
            return;
        }
    }
 
    console.log("The given expression is satisfiable.");
}
 
// Driver function to test above functions
// n is the number of variables
// 2n is the total number of nodes
// m is the number of clauses
const n = 5, m = 7;
 
// Each clause is of the form a or b
// For m clauses, we have a[m], b[m]
// representing a[i] or b[i]
 
// Note:
// 1 <= x <= N for an uncomplemented variable x
// -N <= x <= -1 for a complemented variable x
// -x is the complement of a variable x
 
// The CNF being handled is:
// '+' implies 'OR' and '*' implies 'AND'
// (x1+x2)*(x2’+x3)*(x1’+x2’)*(x3+x4)*(x3’+x5)*
// (x4’+x5’)*(x3’+x4)
const a = [1, -2, -1, 3, -3, -4, -3];
const b = [2, 3, -2, 4, 5, -5, 4];
 
// We have considered the same example for which
// Implication Graph was made
is2Satisfiable(n, m, a, b);
 
// This code is contributed by Yash Agarwal(yashagarwal2852002)

                    

Output
The given expression is satisfiable.




More Test Cases: 

Input : n = 2, m = 3
a[] = {1, 2, -1}
b[] = {2, -1, -2}
Output : The given expression is satisfiable.
Input : n = 2, m = 4
a[] = {1, -1, 1, -1}
b[] = {2, 2, -2, -2}
Output : The given expression is unsatisfiable.

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Last Updated : 02 Feb, 2024
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