Reservoir Sampling

Reservoir sampling is a family of randomized algorithms for randomly choosing k samples from a list of n items, where n is either a very large or unknown number. Typically n is large enough that the list doesn’t fit into main memory. For example, a list of search queries in Google and Facebook.
So we are given a big array (or stream) of numbers (to simplify), and we need to write an efficient function to randomly select k numbers where 1 <= k <= n. Let the input array be stream[].

A simple solution is to create an array reservoir[] of maximum size k. One by one randomly select an item from stream[0..n-1]. If the selected item is not previously selected, then put it in reservoir[]. To check if an item is previously selected or not, we need to search the item in reservoir[]. The time complexity of this algorithm will be O(k^2). This can be costly if k is big. Also, this is not efficient if the input is in the form of a stream. 

It can be solved in O(n) time. The solution also suits well for input in the form of stream. The idea is similar to this post. Following are the steps.
1) Create an array reservoir[0..k-1] and copy first k items of stream[] to it. 
2) Now one by one consider all items from (k+1)th item to nth item. 
…a) Generate a random number from 0 to i where i is the index of the current item in stream[]. Let the generated random number is j. 
…b) If j is in range 0 to k-1, replace reservoir[j] with stream[i]

Following is the implementation of the above algorithm. 

C++

// An efficient program to randomly select
// k items from a stream of items
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;

// A utility function to print an array
void printArray(int stream[], int n)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        cout << stream[i] << " ";
    cout << endl;
}

// A function to randomly select
// k items from stream[0..n-1].
void selectKItems(int stream[], int n, int k)
{
    int i; // index for elements in stream[]

    // reservoir[] is the output array. Initialize
    // it with first k elements from stream[]
    int reservoir[k];
    for (i = 0; i < k; i++)
        reservoir[i] = stream[i];

    // Use a different seed value so that we don't get
    // same result each time we run this program
    srand(time(NULL));

    // Iterate from the (k+1)th element to nth element
    for (; i < n; i++)
    {
        // Pick a random index from 0 to i.
        int j = rand() % (i + 1);

        // If the randomly picked index is smaller than k,
        // then replace the element present at the index
        // with new element from stream
        if (j < k)
        reservoir[j] = stream[i];
    }

    cout << "Following are k randomly selected items \n";
    printArray(reservoir, k);
}

// Driver Code
int main()
{
    int stream[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
                    7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12};
    int n = sizeof(stream)/sizeof(stream[0]);
    int k = 5;
    selectKItems(stream, n, k);
    return 0;
}

// This is code is contributed by rathbhupendra

C

// An efficient program to randomly select k items from a stream of items

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

// A utility function to print an array
void printArray(int stream[], int n)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        printf("%d ", stream[i]);
    printf("\n");
}

// A function to randomly select k items from stream[0..n-1].
void selectKItems(int stream[], int n, int k)
{
    int i;  // index for elements in stream[]

    // reservoir[] is the output array. Initialize it with
    // first k elements from stream[]
    int reservoir[k];
    for (i = 0; i < k; i++)
        reservoir[i] = stream[i];

    // Use a different seed value so that we don't get
    // same result each time we run this program
    srand(time(NULL));

    // Iterate from the (k+1)th element to nth element
    for (; i < n; i++)
    {
        // Pick a random index from 0 to i.
        int j = rand() % (i+1);

        // If the randomly  picked index is smaller than k, then replace
        // the element present at the index with new element from stream
        if (j < k)
          reservoir[j] = stream[i];
    }

    printf("Following are k randomly selected items \n");
    printArray(reservoir, k);
}

// Driver program to test above function.
int main()
{
    int stream[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12};
    int n = sizeof(stream)/sizeof(stream[0]);
    int k = 5;
    selectKItems(stream, n, k);
    return 0;
}

Java

// An efficient Java program to randomly
// select k items from a stream of items
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Random;
public class ReservoirSampling {

    // A function to randomly select k items from
    // stream[0..n-1].
    static void selectKItems(int stream[], int n, int k)
    {
        int i; // index for elements in stream[]

        // reservoir[] is the output array. Initialize it
        // with first k elements from stream[]
        int reservoir[] = new int[k];
        for (i = 0; i < k; i++)
            reservoir[i] = stream[i];

        Random r = new Random();

        // Iterate from the (k+1)th element to nth element
        for (; i < n; i++) {
            // Pick a random index from 0 to i.
            int j = r.nextInt(i + 1);

            // If the randomly  picked index is smaller than
            // k, then replace the element present at the
            // index with new element from stream
            if (j < k)
                reservoir[j] = stream[i];
        }

        System.out.println(
            "Following are k randomly selected items");
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(reservoir));
    }

    // Driver Program to test above method
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int stream[]
            = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 };
        int n = stream.length;
        int k = 5;
        selectKItems(stream, n, k);
    }
}
// This code is contributed by Sumit Ghosh

Python3

# An efficient Python3 program
# to randomly select k items
# from a stream of items
import random
# A utility function
# to print an array
def printArray(stream,n):
    for i in range(n):
        print(stream[i],end=" ");
    print();

# A function to randomly select
# k items from stream[0..n-1].
def selectKItems(stream, n, k):
        i=0;
        # index for elements
        # in stream[]

        # reservoir[] is the output
        # array. Initialize it with
        # first k elements from stream[]
        reservoir = [0]*k;
        for i in range(k):
            reservoir[i] = stream[i];

        # Iterate from the (k+1)th
        # element to nth element
        while(i < n):
            # Pick a random index
            # from 0 to i.
            j = random.randrange(i+1);

            # If the randomly picked
            # index is smaller than k,
            # then replace the element
            # present at the index
            # with new element from stream
            if(j < k):
                reservoir[j] = stream[i];
            i+=1;

        print("Following are k randomly selected items");
        printArray(reservoir, k);

# Driver Code

if __name__ == "__main__":
    stream = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12];
    n = len(stream);
    k = 5;
    selectKItems(stream, n, k);

# This code is contributed by mits

C#

// An efficient C# program to randomly
// select k items from a stream of items
using System;
using System.Collections;

public class ReservoirSampling
{
    // A function to randomly select k
    // items from stream[0..n-1].
    static void selectKItems(int []stream,
                            int n, int k)
    {
        // index for elements in stream[]
        int i;

        // reservoir[] is the output array.
        // Initialize it with first k
        //  elements from stream[]
        int[] reservoir = new int[k];
        for (i = 0; i < k; i++)
            reservoir[i] = stream[i];

        Random r = new Random();

        // Iterate from the (k+1)th
        // element to nth element
        for (; i < n; i++)
        {
            // Pick a random index from 0 to i.
            int j = r.Next(i + 1);

            // If the randomly picked index
            // is smaller than k, then replace
            // the element present at the index
            // with new element from stream
            if(j < k)
                reservoir[j] = stream[i];
        }

        Console.WriteLine("Following are k " +
                    "randomly selected items");
        for (i = 0; i < k; i++)
        Console.Write(reservoir[i]+" ");
    }

    //Driver code
    static void Main()
    {
        int []stream = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
                        8, 9, 10, 11, 12};
        int n = stream.Length;
        int k = 5;
        selectKItems(stream, n, k);
    }
}

// This code is contributed by mits

Javascript

<script>

// An efficient program to randomly select
// k items from a stream of items

// A utility function to print an array
function printArray(stream, n)
{
    for(let i = 0; i < n; i++)
        document.write(stream[i] + " ");

    document.write('\n');
}

// A function to randomly select
// k items from stream[0..n-1].
function selectKItems(stream, n, k)
{

    // Index for elements in stream[]
    let i;

    // reservoir[] is the output array. Initialize
    // it with first k elements from stream[]
    let reservoir = [];
    for(i = 0; i < k; i++)
        reservoir[i] = stream[i];

    // Use a different seed value so that
    // we don't get same result each time
    // we run this program

    // Iterate from the (k+1)th element
    // to nth element
    for(; i < n; i++)
    {
        // Pick a random index from 0 to i.
        let j = (Math.floor(Math.random() *
                 100000000) % (i + 1));

        // If the randomly picked index is
        // smaller than k, then replace the
        // element present at the index
        // with new element from stream
        if (j < k)
            reservoir[j] = stream[i];
    }

    document.write("Following are k randomly " +
                   "selected items \n");
    printArray(reservoir, k);
}

// Driver Code
let stream = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
               7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ];
let n = stream.length;
let k = 5;

selectKItems(stream, n, k);

// This code is contributed by rohan07

</script>

PHP

<?php
// An efficient PHP program
// to randomly select k items
// from a stream of items

// A utility function
// to print an array
function printArray($stream,$n)
{
    for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++)
        echo $stream[$i]." ";
    echo "\n";
}

// A function to randomly select
// k items from stream[0..n-1].
function selectKItems($stream, $n, $k)
    {
        $i; // index for elements
            // in stream[]

        // reservoir[] is the output
        // array. Initialize it with
        // first k elements from stream[]
        $reservoir = array_fill(0, $k, 0);
        for ($i = 0; $i < $k; $i++)
            $reservoir[$i] = $stream[$i];

        // Iterate from the (k+1)th
        // element to nth element
        for (; $i < $n; $i++)
        {
            // Pick a random index
            // from 0 to i.
            $j = rand(0,$i + 1);

            // If the randomly picked
            // index is smaller than k,
            // then replace the element
            // present at the index
            // with new element from stream
            if($j < $k)
                $reservoir[$j] = $stream[$i];
        }

        echo "Following are k randomly ".
                      "selected items\n";
        printArray($reservoir, $k);
    }

// Driver Code
$stream = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
                8, 9, 10, 11, 12);
$n = count($stream);
$k = 5;
selectKItems($stream, $n, $k);

// This code is contributed by mits
?>

Output:

Following are k randomly selected items
6 2 11 8 12
Note: Output will differ every time as it selects and prints random elements

Time Complexity: O(n)

Auxiliary Space: O(k)

How does this work?
To prove that this solution works perfectly, we must prove that the probability that any item stream[i] where 0 <= i < n will be in final reservoir[] is k/n. Let us divide the proof in two cases as first k items are treated differently.

Case 1: For last n-k stream items, i.e., for stream[i] where k <= i < n
For every such stream item stream[i], we pick a random index from 0 to i and if the picked index is one of the first k indexes, we replace the element at picked index with stream[i]
To simplify the proof, let us first consider the last item. The probability that the last item is in final reservoir = The probability that one of the first k indexes is picked for last item = k/n (the probability of picking one of the k items from a list of size n)
Let us now consider the second last item. The probability that the second last item is in final reservoir[] = [Probability that one of the first k indexes is picked in iteration for stream[n-2]] X [Probability that the index picked in iteration for stream[n-1] is not same as index picked for stream[n-2] ] = [k/(n-1)]*[(n-1)/n] = k/n.
Similarly, we can consider other items for all stream items from stream[n-1] to stream[k] and generalize the proof.

Case 2: For first k stream items, i.e., for stream[i] where 0 <= i < k 
The first k items are initially copied to reservoir[] and may be removed later in iterations for stream[k] to stream[n]. 
The probability that an item from stream[0..k-1] is in final array = Probability that the item is not picked when items stream[k], stream[k+1], …. stream[n-1] are considered = [k/(k+1)] x [(k+1)/(k+2)] x [(k+2)/(k+3)] x … x [(n-1)/n] = k/n

References: 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_sampling
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.