Remove "b" and "ac" from a given string

Given a string, eliminate all “b” and “ac” in the string, you have to replace them in-place, and you are only allowed to iterate over the string once. (Source Google Interview Question)

Examples:

acbac   ==>  ""
aaac    ==>  aa
ababac  ==>   aa
bbbbd   ==>   d

We strongly recommend that you click here and practice it, before moving on to the solution.

The two conditions are:
1. Filtering of all ‘b’ and ‘ac’ should be in single pass
2. No extra space allowed.

The approach is to use two index variables i and j. We move forward in string using ‘i’ and add characters using index j except ‘b’ and ‘ac’. The trick here is how to track ‘a’ before ‘c’. An interesting approach is to use a two state machine. The state is maintained to TWO when previous character is ‘a’, otherwise state is ONE.
1) If state is ONE, then do NOT copy the current character to output if one of the following conditions is true
…a) Current character is ‘b’ (We need to remove ‘b’)
…b) Current character is ‘a’ (Next character may be ‘c’)
2) If state is TWO and current character is not ‘c’, we first need to make sure that we copy the previous character ‘a’. Then we check the current character, if current character is not ‘b’ and not ‘a’, then we copy it to output.

C++

// A C++ program to remove "b" and 'ac' from input string 
#include <iostream> 
using namespace std; 
#define ONE 1 
#define TWO 2 
  
// The main function that removes occurrences of "a" and "bc" 
// in input string 
void stringFilter(char *str) 
{ 
    // state is initially ONE (The previous character is not a) 
    int state = ONE; 
  
    // i and j are index variables, i is used to read next 
    // character of input string, j is used for indexes of output 
    // string (modified input string) 
    int j = 0; 
  
    // Process all characters of input string one by one 
    for (int i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) 
    { 
        /* If state is ONE, then do NOT copy the current character 
          to output if one of the following conditions is true 
           ...a) Current character is 'b' (We need to remove 'b') 
           ...b) Current character is 'a' (Next character may be 'c') */
        if (state == ONE && str[i] != 'a' && str[i] != 'b') 
        { 
            str[j] = str[i]; 
            j++; 
        } 
  
        // If state is TWO and current character is not 'c' (other- 
        // wise we ignore both previous and current characters) 
        if (state == TWO && str[i] != 'c') 
        { 
            // First copy the previous 'a' 
            str[j] = 'a'; 
            j++; 
  
            // Then copy the current character if it is not 'a' 
            // and 'b' 
            if (str[i] != 'a' && str[i] != 'b') 
            { 
                str[j] = str[i]; 
                j++; 
            } 
        } 
  
        // Change state according to current character 
        state = (str[i] == 'a')? TWO: ONE; 
    } 
  
    // If last character was 'a', copy it to output 
    if (state == TWO) 
    { 
        str[j] = 'a'; 
        j++; 
    } 
  
    // Set the string terminator 
    str[j] = '\0'; 
} 
  
/* Driver program to check above functions */
int main() 
{ 
    char str1[] = "ad"; 
    stringFilter(str1); 
    cout << str1 << endl; 
  
    char str2[] = "acbac"; 
    stringFilter(str2); 
    cout << str2 << endl; 
  
    char str3[] = "aaac"; 
    stringFilter(str3); 
    cout << str3 << endl; 
  
    char str4[] = "react"; 
    stringFilter(str4); 
    cout << str4 << endl; 
  
    char str5[] = "aa"; 
    stringFilter(str5); 
    cout << str5 << endl; 
  
    char str6[] = "ababaac"; 
    stringFilter(str6); 
    cout << str6 << endl; 
  
    return 0; 
} 

Java

// A Java program to remove "b" and 
// 'ac' from input String 
import java.util.*; 
  
class GFG 
{ 
static final int ONE = 1; 
static final int TWO = 2; 
  
// The main function that removes occurrences 
// of "a" and "bc" in input String 
static char[] StringFilter(char []str) 
{ 
    // state is initially ONE 
    // (The previous character is not a) 
    int state = ONE; 
  
    // i and j are index variables, 
    // i is used to read next 
    // character of input String, 
    // j is used for indexes of output 
    // String (modified input String) 
    int j = 0; 
  
    // Process all characters of  
    // input String one by one 
    for (int i = 0; i < str.length; i++) 
    { 
        /* If state is ONE, then do NOT copy  
        the current character to output if  
        one of the following conditions is true 
        ...a) Current character is 'b' 
              (We need to remove 'b') 
        ...b) Current character is 'a'  
              (Next character may be 'c') */
        if (state == ONE && str[i] != 'a' &&  
                            str[i] != 'b') 
        { 
            str[j] = str[i]; 
            j++; 
        } 
  
        // If state is TWO and current character  
        // is not 'c' (otherwise we ignore both  
        // previous and current characters) 
        if (state == TWO && str[i] != 'c') 
        { 
            // First copy the previous 'a' 
            str[j] = 'a'; 
            j++; 
  
            // Then copy the current character  
            // if it is not 'a' and 'b' 
            if (str[i] != 'a' && str[i] != 'b') 
            { 
                str[j] = str[i]; 
                j++; 
            } 
        } 
  
        // Change state according to current character 
        state = (str[i] == 'a') ? TWO : ONE; 
    } 
  
    // If last character was 'a', 
    // copy it to output 
    if (state == TWO) 
    { 
        str[j] = 'a'; 
        j++; 
    } 
    return Arrays.copyOfRange(str, 0, j); 
} 
  
// Driver Code 
public static void main(String[] args) 
{ 
    char str1[] = "ad".toCharArray(); 
    str1 = StringFilter(str1); 
    System.out.print(String.valueOf(str1) + "\n"); 
  
    char str2[] = "acbac".toCharArray(); 
    str2 = StringFilter(str2); 
    System.out.print(String.valueOf(str2) + "\n"); 
  
    char str3[] = "aaac".toCharArray(); 
    str3 = StringFilter(str3); 
    System.out.print(String.valueOf(str3) + "\n"); 
  
    char str4[] = "react".toCharArray(); 
    str4 = StringFilter(str4); 
    System.out.print(String.valueOf(str4) + "\n"); 
  
    char str5[] = "aa".toCharArray(); 
    str5 = StringFilter(str5); 
    System.out.print(String.valueOf(str5) + "\n"); 
  
    char str6[] = "ababaac".toCharArray(); 
    str6 = StringFilter(str6); 
    System.out.print(String.valueOf(str6) + "\n"); 
} 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by 29AjayKumar 

Python

# A Python program to remove "b" and 'ac' from input string 
ONE = 1
TWO = 2
  
# Utility function to convert string to list 
def toList(string): 
    l = [] 
    for x in string: 
        l.append(x) 
    return l 
  
# Utility function to convert list to string 
def toString(l): 
    return ''.join(l) 
  
# The main function that removes occurrences of "a" and "bc" 
# in input string 
def stringFilter(string): 
  
    # state is initially ONE (The previous character is not a) 
    state = ONE 
  
    # i and j are index variables, i is used to read next 
    # character of input string, j is used for indexes of 
    # output string (modified input string) 
    j = 0
  
    # Process all characters of input string one by one 
    for i in xrange(len(string)): 
  
        # If state is ONE, then do NOT copy the current character 
        # to output if one of the following conditions is true 
        # ...a) Current character is 'b' (We need to remove 'b') 
        # ...b) Current character is 'a' (Next character may be 'c') 
        if state == ONE and string[i] != 'a' and string[i] != 'b': 
            string[j] = string[i] 
            j += 1
  
        # If state is TWO and current character is not 'c' (other- 
        # wise we ignore both previous and current characters) 
        if state == TWO and string[i] != 'c': 
            # First copy the previous 'a' 
            string[j] = 'a'
            j += 1
  
            # Then copy the current character if it is not 'a' and 'b' 
            if string[i] != 'a' and string[i] != 'b': 
                string[j] = string[i] 
                j += 1
  
        # Change state according to current character 
         state = TWO if string[i] == 'a' else ONE 
  
    # If last character was 'a', copy it to output 
    if state == TWO: 
        string[j] = 'a'
        j += 1
  
    return toString(string[:j]) 
  
# Driver program 
string1 = stringFilter(toList("ad")) 
print string1 
  
string2 = stringFilter(toList("acbac")) 
print string2 
  
string3 = stringFilter(toList("aaac")) 
print string3 
  
string4 = stringFilter(toList("react")) 
print string4 
  
string5 = stringFilter(toList("aa")) 
print string5 
  
string6 = stringFilter(toList("ababaac")) 
print string6 
  
# This code is contributed by BHAVYA JAIN 

C#

// A C# program to remove "b" and 
// 'ac' from input String 
using System; 
  
class GFG 
{ 
static readonly int ONE = 1; 
static readonly int TWO = 2; 
  
// The main function that removes occurrences 
// of "a" and "bc" in input String 
static char[] StringFilter(char []str) 
{ 
      
    // state is initially ONE 
    // (The previous character is not a) 
    int state = ONE; 
  
    // i and j are index variables, 
    // i is used to read next 
    // character of input String, 
    // j is used for indexes of output 
    // String (modified input String) 
    int j = 0; 
  
    // Process all characters of  
    // input String one by one 
    for (int i = 0; i < str.Length; i++) 
    { 
        /* If state is ONE, then do NOT copy  
        the current character to output if  
        one of the following conditions is true 
        ...a) Current character is 'b' 
            (We need to remove 'b') 
        ...b) Current character is 'a'  
            (Next character may be 'c') */
        if (state == ONE && str[i] != 'a' &&  
                            str[i] != 'b') 
        { 
            str[j] = str[i]; 
            j++; 
        } 
  
        // If state is TWO and current character  
        // is not 'c' (otherwise we ignore both  
        // previous and current characters) 
        if (state == TWO && str[i] != 'c') 
        { 
            // First copy the previous 'a' 
            str[j] = 'a'; 
            j++; 
  
            // Then copy the current character  
            // if it is not 'a' and 'b' 
            if (str[i] != 'a' && str[i] != 'b') 
            { 
                str[j] = str[i]; 
                j++; 
            } 
        } 
  
        // Change state according to 
        // current character 
        state = (str[i] == 'a') ? TWO : ONE; 
    } 
  
    // If last character was 'a', 
    // copy it to output 
    if (state == TWO) 
    { 
        str[j] = 'a'; 
        j++; 
    } 
    return String.Join("", str). 
           Substring(0, j).ToCharArray(); 
} 
  
// Driver Code 
public static void Main(String[] args) 
{ 
    char []str1 = "ad".ToCharArray(); 
    str1 = StringFilter(str1); 
    Console.Write(String.Join("", str1) + "\n"); 
  
    char []str2 = "acbac".ToCharArray(); 
    str2 = StringFilter(str2); 
    Console.Write(String.Join("", str2) + "\n"); 
  
    char []str3 = "aaac".ToCharArray(); 
    str3 = StringFilter(str3); 
    Console.Write(String.Join("", str3) + "\n"); 
  
    char []str4 = "react".ToCharArray(); 
    str4 = StringFilter(str4); 
    Console.Write(String.Join("", str4) + "\n"); 
  
    char []str5 = "aa".ToCharArray(); 
    str5 = StringFilter(str5); 
    Console.Write(String.Join("", str5) + "\n"); 
  
    char []str6 = "ababaac".ToCharArray(); 
    str6 = StringFilter(str6); 
    Console.Write(String.Join("", str6) + "\n"); 
} 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji 

Output:

ad

aa
ret
aa
aaa

An extension of above problem where we don’t want “ac” in output at all:
The above code looks fine and seems to handle all cases, but what if input string is “aacacc”, the above code produces output as “ac” which looks correct as it removes consecutive occurrences of ‘a’ and ‘c’. What if the requirement is to not have an “ac” in output string at all. Can we modify the above program to produce output as empty string for input “aacacc” and produce output as “d” when input is “abcaaccd”? It turns out that it can also be done with given restrictions. The idea is simple. We need to add following lines inside for loop of the above program.

if (j>1 && str[j-2] == 'a' && str[j-1] =='c') 
  j = j-2; 

See this for different test cases of modified program.

A Simpler Solution to the Original Problem:

C++

// // A C++ program to remove "b" and 'ac' from input string 
#include<bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
void stringFilter(char *str) 
{ 
    int n = strlen(str); 
  
    int i = -1;  // previous character 
    int j = 0;   // current character 
  
    while (j < n) 
    { 
        /* check if current and next character forms ac */
        if (j < n-1 && str[j] == 'a' && str[j+1] == 'c') 
            j += 2; 
  
        /* if current character is b */
        else if (str[j] == 'b') 
            j++; 
  
        /* if current char is 'c && last char in output 
           is 'a' so delete both */
        else if (i >= 0 && str[j] == 'c' && str[i] == 'a') 
            i--,j++; 
  
        /* else copy curr char to output string */
        else
            str[++i] = str[j++]; 
    } 
    str[++i] = '\0'; 
} 
  
// Driver program to test above function 
int main() 
{ 
    char str1[] = "ad"; 
    cout << "Input => " << str1 << "\nOutput => "; 
    stringFilter(str1); 
    cout << str1 << endl << endl; 
  
    char str2[] = "acbac"; 
    cout << "Input => " << str2 << "\nOutput => "; 
    stringFilter(str2); 
    cout << str2 << endl << endl; 
  
    char str3[] = "aaac"; 
    cout << "Input => " << str3 << "\nOutput => "; 
    stringFilter(str3); 
    cout << str3 << endl << endl; 
  
    char str4[] = "react"; 
    cout << "Input => " << str4 << "\nOutput => "; 
    stringFilter(str4); 
    cout << str4 << endl << endl; 
  
    char str5[] = "aa"; 
    cout << "Input => " << str5 << "\nOutput => "; 
    stringFilter(str5); 
    cout << str5 << endl << endl; 
  
    char str6[] = "ababaac"; 
    cout << "Input => " << str6 << "\nOutput => "; 
    stringFilter(str6); 
    cout << str6 << endl << endl; 
  
    char str[] = "abc"; 
    cout << "Input => " << str << "\nOutput => "; 
    stringFilter(str); 
    cout << str << endl << endl; 
    return 0; 
} 

Java

// A Java program to remove "b" and 'ac' from input string  
class GfG { 
  
// The main function that removes occurrences of "a" and "bc"  
// in input string  
static void stringFilter(char str[])  
{  
    int n = str.length;  
    
    int i = -1;  // previous character  
    int j = 0;   // current character  
    
    while (j < n)  
    {  
        /* check if current and next character forms ac */
        if (j < n-1 && str[j] == 'a' && str[j+1] == 'c')  
            j += 2;  
    
        /* if current character is b */
        else if (str[j] == 'b')  
            j++;  
    
        /* if current char is 'c && last char in output  
           is 'a' so delete both */
        else if (i >= 0 && str[j] == 'c' && str[i] == 'a')  { 
            i--; 
            j++;  
        } 
    
        /* else copy curr char to output string */
        else
            str[++i] = str[j++];  
              
    }  
 System.out.println(new String(str).substring(0,i+1)); 
}  
  
/* Driver program to check above functions */
public static void main(String[] args)  
{  
    String str1 = "ad";  
    stringFilter(str1.toCharArray());  
  
    String str2 = "acbac";  
    stringFilter(str2.toCharArray()); 
  
    String str3 = "aaac";  
    stringFilter(str3.toCharArray());  
  
    String str4 = "react";  
    stringFilter(str4.toCharArray());  
  
    String str5 = "aa";  
    stringFilter(str5.toCharArray());  
  
    String str6 = "ababaac";  
    stringFilter(str6.toCharArray());  
} 
}  

Python

# A Python program to remove "b" and 'ac' from input string 
  
# Utility function to convert string to list 
def toList(string): 
    l = [] 
    for x in string: 
        l.append(x) 
    return l 
  
# Utility function to convert list to string 
def toString(l): 
    return ''.join(l) 
  
def stringFilter(string): 
  
    # length of string 
    n = len(string) 
  
    i = -1
    j = 0
  
    while j < n: 
  
        # Check if current and next character forms ac 
        if j < n-1 and string[j] == 'a' and string[j+1] == 'c': 
            j += 2
  
        # If current character is b 
        elif string[j] == 'b': 
            j += 1
  
        # if current char is 'c && last char in output 
        # is 'a' so delete both 
        elif i >= 0 and string[j] == 'c' and string[i] == 'a': 
            i -= 1
            j += 1
  
        # Else copy curr char to output string 
        else: 
            i += 1
            string[i] = string[j] 
            j += 1
  
    i += 1
    return toString(string[:i]) 
  
# Driver program 
string1 = "ad"
print "Input => " + string1 + "\nOutput => ", 
print stringFilter(toList(string1)) + "\n"
  
string2 = "acbac"
print "Input => " + string2 + "\nOutput => ", 
print stringFilter(toList(string2)) + "\n"
  
string3 = "aaac"
print "Input => " + string3 + "\nOutput => ", 
print stringFilter(toList(string3)) + "\n"
  
string4 = "react"
print "Input => " + string4 + "\nOutput => ", 
print stringFilter(toList(string4)) + "\n"
  
string5 = "aa"
print "Input => " + string5 + "\nOutput => ", 
print stringFilter(toList(string5)) + "\n"
  
string6 = "ababaac"
print "Input => " + string6 + "\nOutput => ", 
print stringFilter(toList(string6)) + "\n"
  
string7 = "abc"
print "Input => " + string7 + "\nOutput => ", 
print stringFilter(toList(string7)) + "\n"
  
# This code is contributed by BHAVYA JAIN 

C#

// C# program to remove "b" and 'ac' from input string  
using System; 
  
class GfG  
{  
  
    // The main function that removes occurrences of   
    // "a" and "bc" in input string  
    static void stringFilter(char []str)  
    {  
        int n = str.Length;  
        int i = -1; // previous character  
        int j = 0; // current character  
        while (j < n)  
        {  
            /* check if current and next character forms ac */
            if (j < n-1 && str[j] == 'a' && str[j+1] == 'c')  
                j += 2;  
      
            /* if current character is b */
            else if (str[j] == 'b')  
                j++;  
      
            /* if current char is 'c && last char in output  
            is 'a' so delete both */
            else if (i >= 0 && str[j] == 'c' && str[i] == 'a')  
            {  
                i--;  
                j++;  
            }  
      
            /* else copy curr char to output string */
            else
                str[++i] = str[j++];  
              
        }  
        Console.WriteLine(new String(str));  
    }  
  
    // Driver Code 
    public static void Main()  
    {     
        String str1 = "ad";  
        stringFilter(str1.ToCharArray());  
          
        String str2 = "acbac";  
        stringFilter(str2.ToCharArray());  
          
        String str3 = "aaac";  
        stringFilter(str3.ToCharArray());  
          
        String str4 = "react";  
        stringFilter(str4.ToCharArray());  
          
        String str5 = "aa";  
        stringFilter(str5.ToCharArray());  
          
        String str6 = "ababaac";  
        stringFilter(str6.ToCharArray());  
    }  
}  
  
// This code is contributed by  
//PrinciRaj1992  

Output:

Input => ad
Output => ad

Input => acbac
Output =>

Input => aaac
Output => aa

Input => react
Output => ret

Input => aa
Output => aa

Input => ababaac
Output => aaa

Input => abc
Output =>

Thanks to Gaurav Ahirwar for suggesting this simpler solution.

This article is contributed by Varun Jain. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above

Don’t stop now and take your learning to the next level. Learn all the important concepts of Data Structures and Algorithms with the help of the most trusted course: DSA Self Paced. Become industry ready at a student-friendly price.

My Personal Notes

Remove “b” and “ac” from a given string

We strongly recommend that you click here and practice it, before moving on to the solution.

C++

Java

Python

C#

C++

Java

Python

C#

Recommended Posts: