Python | Set 4 (Dictionary, Keywords in Python)

In the previous two articles (Set 2 and Set 3), we discussed the basics of python. In this article, we will learn more about python and feel the power of python.

Dictionary in Python
In python, dictionary is similar to hash or maps in other languages. It consists of key value pairs. The value can be accessed by unique key in the dictionary.

# Create a new dictionary  
d = dict() # or d = {} 
  
# Add a key - value pairs to dictionary 
d['xyz'] = 123
d['abc'] = 345
  
# print the whole dictionary 
print d 
  
# print only the keys 
print d.keys() 
  
# print only values 
print d.values() 
  
# iterate over dictionary  
for i in d : 
    print "%s  %d" %(i, d[i]) 
  
# another method of iteration 
for index, key in enumerate(d): 
    print index, key, d[key] 
  
# check if key exist 
print 'xyz' in d 
  
# delete the key-value pair 
del d['xyz'] 
  
# check again  
print "xyz" in d 

Output:

{'xyz': 123, 'abc': 345}
['xyz', 'abc']
[123, 345]
xyz 123
abc 345
0 xyz 123
1 abc 345
True
False

break, continue, pass in Python

break – takes you out of the current loop.

continue – ends the current iteration in the loop and moves to the next iteration.

pass – The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required. syntactically but the program requires no action. It is commonly used for creating minimal classes.

# Function to illustrate break in loop 
def breakTest(arr): 
    for i in arr: 
        if i == 5: 
            break
        print i, 
    # For new line 
    print 
  
  
# Function to illustrate continue in loop 
def continueTest(arr): 
    for i in arr: 
        if i == 5: 
            continue
        print i, 
  
    # For new line 
    print 
  
# Function to illustrate pass  
def passTest(arr): 
        pass
  
      
# Driver program to test above functions 
  
# Array to be used for above functions: 
arr = [1, 3 , 4, 5, 6 , 7] 
  
# Illustrate break 
print "Break method output"
breakTest(arr) 
  
# Illustrate continue  
print "Continue method output"
continueTest(arr) 
  
# Illustrate pass- Does nothing 
passTest(arr) 
  

Output:

Break method output
1 3 4
Continue method output
1 3 4 6 7

map, filter, lambda

map – The map() function applies a function to every member of iterable and returns the result. If there are multiple arguments, map() returns a list consisting of tuples containing the corresponding items from all iterables.

filter – It takes a function returning True or False and applies it to a sequence, returning a list of only those members of the sequence for which the function returned True.

lambda- Python provides the ability to create a simple (no statements allowed internally) anonymous inline function called lambda function. Using lambda and map you can have two for loops in one line.

# Python program to test map, filter and lambda 
  
# Function to test map  
def cube(x): 
    return x**2
  
# Driver to test above function 
  
# Program for working of map  
print "MAP EXAMPLES"
cubes = map(cube, range(10)) 
print cubes 
  
print "LAMBDA EXAMPLES"
  
# first parentheses contains a lambda form, that is   
# a squaring function and second parentheses represents 
# calling lambda 
print (lambda x: x**2)(5) 
  
# Make function of two arguments that return their product 
print (lambda x, y: x*y)(3, 4) 
  
  
print "FILTER EXAMPLE"
special_cubes = filter(lambda x: x > 9 and x < 60, cubes) 
print special_cubes 

Output:

MAP EXAMPLES
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
LAMBDA EXAMPLES
25
12
FILTER EXAMPLE
[16, 25, 36, 49]

For more clarity about map, filter and lambda, you can have a look at the below example:

#code without using map, filter and lambda 
  
# Find the number which are odd in the list 
# and multiply them by 5 and create a new list 
  
# Declare a new list 
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] 
  
# Empty list for answer 
y = [] 
  
# Perform the operations and print the answer 
for v in x: 
    if v % 2: 
        y += [v*5] 
print y 

Output:

[15, 25]

The same operation can be performed in two lines using map, filter and lambda as :

#above code with map, filter and lambda 
  
# Declare a list  
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] 
  
# Perform the same operation as  in above post 
y = map(lambda v : v * 5, filter(lambda u : u % 2, x)) 
print y 

Output:

[15, 25]

References :
https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops
http://www.u.arizona.edu/~erdmann/mse350/topics/list_comprehensions.html

This article is contributed by Nikhil Kumar Singh

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