Python | Set 4 (Dictionary, Keywords in Python)

Difficulty Level : Medium
Last Updated : 17 Aug, 2021

In the previous two articles (Set 2 and Set 3), we discussed the basics of python. In this article, we will learn more about python and feel the power of python.

Dictionary in Python

In python, the dictionary is similar to hash or maps in other languages. It consists of key-value pairs. The value can be accessed by a unique key in the dictionary.

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Python3

# Create a new dictionary
d = dict() # or d = {}
 
# Add a key - value pairs to dictionary
d['xyz'] = 123
d['abc'] = 345
 
# print the whole dictionary
print (d)
 
# print only the keys
print (d.keys())
 
# print only values
print (d.values())
 
# iterate over dictionary
for i in d :
    print ("%s  %d" %(i, d[i]))
 
# another method of iteration
for index, key in enumerate(d):
    print (index, key, d[key])
 
# check if key exist
print ('xyz' in d)
 
# delete the key-value pair
del d['xyz']
 
# check again
print ("xyz" in d)

Output:

{'xyz': 123, 'abc': 345}
['xyz', 'abc']
[123, 345]
xyz 123
abc 345
0 xyz 123
1 abc 345
True
False

break, continue, pass in Python

break: takes you out of the current loop.
continue: ends the current iteration in the loop and moves to the next iteration.
pass: The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required. syntactically but the program requires no action.

It is commonly used for creating minimal classes.

Python3

# Function to illustrate break in loop
def breakTest(arr):
    for i in arr:
        if i == 5:
            break
        print (i)
    # For new line
    print("")
 
 
# Function to illustrate continue in loop
def continueTest(arr):
    for i in arr:
        if i == 5:
            continue
        print (i)
 
    # For new line
    print("")
 
# Function to illustrate pass
def passTest(arr):
        pass
 
     
# Driver program to test above functions
 
# Array to be used for above functions:
arr = [1, 3 , 4, 5, 6 , 7]
 
# Illustrate break
print ("Break method output")
breakTest(arr)
 
# Illustrate continue
print ("Continue method output")
continueTest(arr)
 
# Illustrate pass- Does nothing
passTest(arr)

Output:

Break method output
1 3 4
Continue method output
1 3 4 6 7

map, filter, lambda

map: The map() function applies a function to every member of iterable and returns the result. If there are multiple arguments, map() returns a list consisting of tuples containing the corresponding items from all iterables.
filter: It takes a function returning True or False and applies it to a sequence, returning a list of only those members of the sequence for which the function returned True.
lambda: Python provides the ability to create a simple (no statements allowed internally) anonymous inline function called lambda function. Using lambda and map you can have two for loops in one line.

Python3

# python program to test map, filter and lambda
items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 
#Using map function to map the lambda operation on items
cubes = list(map(lambda x: x**3, items))
print(cubes)
 
# first parentheses contains a lambda form, that is 
# a squaring function and second parentheses represents
# calling lambda
print( (lambda x: x**2)(5))
 
# Make function of two arguments that return their product
print ((lambda x, y: x*y)(3, 4))
 
#Using filter function to filter all
# numbers less than 5 from a list
number_list = range(-10, 10)
less_than_five = list(filter(lambda x: x < 5, number_list))
print(less_than_five)

Output:

[1, 8, 27, 64, 125]
25
12
[-10, -9, -8, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

For more clarity about map, filter, and lambda, you can have a look at the below example:

Python3

#code without using map, filter and lambda
 
# Find the number which are odd in the list
# and multiply them by 5 and create a new list
 
# Declare a new list
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 
# Empty list for answer
y = []
 
# Perform the operations and print the answer
for v in x:
    if v % 2:
        y += [v*5]
print (y)

Output:

[15, 25]

The same operation can be performed in two lines using map, filter, and lambda as :

Python3

#above code with map, filter and lambda
 
# Declare a list
x = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 
# Perform the same operation as  in above post
y = map(lambda v : v * 5, filter(lambda u : u % 2, x))
print (y)

Output:

[15, 25]

References :

https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/controlflow.html#break-and-continue-statements-and-else-clauses-on-loops
http://www.u.arizona.edu/~erdmann/mse350/topics/list_comprehensions.html

This article is contributed by Nikhil Kumar Singh

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