Dot Product of Vectors in R Programming

In mathematics, the dot product or also known as the scalar product is an algebraic operation that takes two equal-length sequences of numbers and returns a single number. Let us given two vectors A and B, and we have to find the dot product of two vectors.

Given that,

$A = a_1i + a_2j + a_3k$

and,

$B = b_1i + b_2j + b_3k$

where,

i: the unit vector along the x directions

j: the unit vector along the y directions

k: the unit vector along the z directions

Then the dot product is calculated as:

$DotProduct = a_1 * b_1 + a_2 * b_2 + a_3 * b_3$

Example:

Given two vectors A and B as,

A = 3i + 5j + 4k,

and

B = 2i + 7j + 5k

Dot Product = 3 * 2 + 5 * 7 + 4 * 5 = 6 + 35 + 20 + 61

Computing Dot Product in R

R language provides a very efficient method to calculate the dot product of two vectors. By using dot() method which is available in the geometry library one can do so.

Syntax: dot(x, y, d = NULL)

Parameters:

x: Matrix of vectors

y: Matrix of vectors

d: Dimension along which to calculate the dot product

Return: Vector with length of dth dimension

Example 1:

R

# R Program illustrating 
# dot product of two vectors 
  
# Import the required library 
library(geometry) 
  
# Taking two scalar values 
a = 5 
b = 7 
  
# Calculating dot product using dot() 
print(dot(a, b, d = TRUE))

Output:

[1] 35

Example 2:

R

# R Program illustrating 
# dot product of two vectors 
  
# Import the required library 
library(geometry) 
  
# Taking two complex values 
a = 3 + 1i 
b = 7 + 6i 
  
# Calculating dot product using dot() 
print(dot(a, b, d = TRUE))

Output:

[1] 15+25i

Example 3:

R

# R Program illustrating 
# dot product of two vectors 
  
# Import the required library 
library(geometry) 
  
# Taking two simple vectors 
a = c(1, 4) 
b = c(7, 4) 
  
# Calculating dot product using dot() 
print(dot(a, b, d = TRUE))

Output:

[1] 23

Example 4:

In this following example let’s take two 2D arrays and calculate the dot product of these two. To create a 2D array in R please refer Multidimensional Array in R.

R

# R Program illustrating 
# dot product of two vectors 
  
# Import the required library 
library(geometry) 
  
# Taking two 2D array 
vector1 = c(2, 1) 
vector2 = c(0, 3) 
a = array(c(vector1, vector2), dim = c(2, 2)) 
vector1 = c(4, 2) 
vector2 = c(9, 3) 
b = array(c(vector1, vector2), dim = c(2, 2)) 
  
# Calculating dot product using dot() 
print(dot(a, b, d = TRUE))

Output:

[1] 10  9

My Personal Notes

Computing Dot Product in R

R

R

R

R

Recommended Posts: