Clustering Coefficient in Graph Theory
In graph theory, a clustering coefficient is a measure of the degree to which nodes in a graph tend to cluster together. Evidence suggests that in most real-world networks, and in particular social networks, nodes tend to create tightly knit groups characterized by a relatively high density of ties; this likelihood tends to be greater than the average probability of a tie randomly established between two nodes (Holland and Leinhardt, 1971; Watts and Strogatz, 1998).
Two versions of this measure exist: the global and the local. The global version was designed to give an overall indication of the clustering in the network, whereas the local gives an indication of the embeddedness of single nodes.
Global clustering coefficient:
The global clustering coefficient is based on triplets of nodes. A triplet consists of three connected nodes. A triangle therefore includes three closed triplets, one centered on each of the nodes (n.b. this means the three triplets in a triangle come from overlapping selections of nodes). The global clustering coefficient is the number of closed triplets (or 3 x triangles) over the total number of triplets (both open and closed). The first attempt to measure it was made by Luce and Perry (1949). This measure gives an indication of the clustering in the whole network (global), and can be applied to both undirected and directed networks.
Local clustering coefficient:
A graph formally consists of a set of vertices V and a set of edges E between them. An edge
connects vertex
with vertex
. The neighborhood
for a vertex
is defined as its immediately connected neighbors as follows:
.
We define as the number of vertices,
, in the neighborhood,
, of a vertex. The local clustering coefficient
for a vertex
is then given by the proportion of links between the vertices within its neighborhood divided by the number of links that could possibly exist between them. For a directed graph,
is distinct from
, and therefore for each neighborhood
there are
links that could exist among the vertices within the neighborhood (
is the number of neighbors of a vertex). Thus, the local clustering coefficient for directed graphs is given as [2]
.
An undirected graph has the property that and
are considered identical. Therefore, if a vertex
has
neighbors,
edges could exist among the vertices within the neighborhood. Thus, the local clustering coefficient for undirected graphs can be defined as
.
Let be the number of triangles on
for undirected graph G. That is,
is the number of sub-graphs of G with 3 edges and 3 vertices, one of which is v. Let
be the number of triples on
. That is,
is the number of sub-graphs (not necessarily induced) with 2 edges and 3 vertices, one of which is v and such that v is incident to both edges. Then we can also define the clustering coefficient as lue
.
It is simple to show that the two preceding definitions are the same, since . These measures are 1 if every neighbor connected to
is also connected to every other vertex within the neighborhood, and 0 if no vertex that is connected to
connects to any other vertex that is connected to
.
Example local clustering coefficient on an undirected graph. The local clustering coefficient of the green node is computed as the proportion of connections among its neighbours. Here is the code to implement the above clustering coefficient in a graph. It is a part of the networkx library and can be directly accessed using it.
Python
def average_clustering(G, trials = 1000 ): """Estimates the average clustering coefficient of G. The local clustering of each node in `G` is the fraction of triangles that actually exist over all possible triangles in its neighborhood. The average clustering coefficient of a graph `G` is the mean of local clustering. This function finds an approximate average clustering coefficient for G by repeating `n` times (defined in `trials`) the following experiment: choose a node at random, choose two of its neighbors at random, and check if they are connected. The approximate coefficient is the fraction of triangles found over the number of trials [1]_. Parameters ---------- G : NetworkX graph trials : integer Number of trials to perform (default 1000). Returns ------- c : float Approximated average clustering coefficient. """ n = len (G) triangles = 0 nodes = G.nodes() for i in [ int (random.random() * n) for i in range (trials)]: nbrs = list (G[nodes[i]]) if len (nbrs) < 2 : continue u, v = random.sample(nbrs, 2 ) if u in G[v]: triangles + = 1 return triangles / float (trials) |
Note: The above code is valid for undirected networks and not for the directed networks. The code below has been run on IDLE(Python IDE of windows). You would need to download the networkx library before you run this code. The part inside the curly braces represent the output. It is almost similar as Ipython(for Ubuntu users).
Python
>>> import networkx as nx >>> G = nx.erdos_renyi_graph( 10 , 0.4 ) >>> cc = nx.average_clustering(G) >>> cc #Output of Global CC 0.08333333333333333 >>> c = nx.clustering(G) >>> c # Output of local CC { 0 : 0.0 , 1 : 0.3333333333333333 , 2 : 0.0 , 3 : 0.0 , 4 : 0.0 , 5 : 0.0 , 6 : 0.0 , 7 : 0.3333333333333333 , 8 : 0.0 , 9 : 0.16666666666666666 } |
The above two values give us the global clustering coefficient of a network as well as local clustering coefficient of a network. Next into this series, we will talk about another centrality measure for any given network.
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