Block swap algorithm for array rotation

Write a function rotate(ar[], d, n) that rotates arr[] of size n by d elements.

Array

Rotation of the above array by 2 will make array

ArrayRotation1

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

Algorithm :

Initialize A = arr[0..d-1] and B = arr[d..n-1]
1) Do following until size of A is equal to size of B

  a)  If A is shorter, divide B into Bl and Br such that Br is of same 
       length as A. Swap A and Br to change ABlBr into BrBlA. Now A
       is at its final place, so recur on pieces of B.  

   b)  If A is longer, divide A into Al and Ar such that Al is of same 
       length as B Swap Al and B to change AlArB into BArAl. Now B
       is at its final place, so recur on pieces of A.

2)  Finally when A and B are of equal size, block swap them.

Recursive Implementation:

C++

#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
/*Prototype for utility functions */
void printArray(int arr[], int size);  
void swap(int arr[], int fi, int si, int d);  
  
void leftRotate(int arr[], int d, int n)  
{  
    /* Return If number of elements to be rotated   
    is zero or equal to array size */
    if(d == 0 || d == n)  
        return;  
          
    /*If number of elements to be rotated  
    is exactly half of array size */
    if(n - d == d)  
    {  
        swap(arr, 0, n - d, d);  
        return;  
    }  
          
    /* If A is shorter*/        
    if(d < n - d)  
    {  
        swap(arr, 0, n - d, d);  
        leftRotate(arr, d, n - d);      
    }  
    else /* If B is shorter*/        
    {  
        swap(arr, 0, d, n - d);  
        leftRotate(arr + n - d, 2 * d - n, d); /*This is tricky*/
    }  
}  
  
/*UTILITY FUNCTIONS*/
/* function to print an array */
void printArray(int arr[], int size)  
{  
    int i;  
    for(i = 0; i < size; i++)  
        cout << arr[i] << " ";  
    cout << endl;  
}  
  
/*This function swaps d elements starting at index fi  
with d elements starting at index si */
void swap(int arr[], int fi, int si, int d)  
{  
    int i, temp;  
    for(i = 0; i < d; i++)  
    {  
        temp = arr[fi + i];  
        arr[fi + i] = arr[si + i];  
        arr[si + i] = temp;  
    }  
}  
  
// Driver Code 
int main()  
{  
    int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};  
    leftRotate(arr, 2, 7);  
    printArray(arr, 7);  
    return 0;  
}  
  
// This code is contributed by rathbhupendra 

C

#include<stdio.h> 
  
/*Prototype for utility functions */
void printArray(int arr[], int size); 
void swap(int arr[], int fi, int si, int d); 
  
void leftRotate(int arr[], int d, int n) 
{  
  /* Return If number of elements to be rotated is  
    zero or equal to array size */  
  if(d == 0 || d == n) 
    return; 
      
  /*If number of elements to be rotated is exactly  
    half of array size */  
  if(n-d == d) 
  { 
    swap(arr, 0, n-d, d);    
    return; 
  }   
      
 /* If A is shorter*/              
  if(d < n-d) 
  {   
    swap(arr, 0, n-d, d); 
    leftRotate(arr, d, n-d);     
  }     
  else /* If B is shorter*/              
  { 
    swap(arr, 0, d, n-d); 
    leftRotate(arr+n-d, 2*d-n, d); /*This is tricky*/
  } 
} 
  
/*UTILITY FUNCTIONS*/
/* function to print an array */
void printArray(int arr[], int size) 
{ 
  int i; 
  for(i = 0; i < size; i++) 
    printf("%d ", arr[i]); 
  printf("\n "); 
}  
  
/*This function swaps d elements starting at index fi 
  with d elements starting at index si */
void swap(int arr[], int fi, int si, int d) 
{ 
   int i, temp; 
   for(i = 0; i<d; i++)    
   { 
     temp = arr[fi + i]; 
     arr[fi + i] = arr[si + i]; 
     arr[si + i] = temp; 
   }      
}      
  
/* Driver program to test above functions */
int main() 
{ 
   int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}; 
   leftRotate(arr, 2, 7); 
   printArray(arr, 7); 
   getchar(); 
   return 0; 
}     

Java

import java.util.*; 
  
class GFG  
{ 
    // Wrapper over the recursive function leftRotateRec() 
    // It left rotates arr[] by d. 
    public static void leftRotate(int arr[], int d,  
                                                int n) 
    { 
        leftRotateRec(arr, 0, d, n); 
    } 
  
    public static void leftRotateRec(int arr[], int i,  
                                  int d, int n) 
    { 
        /* Return If number of elements to be rotated  
        is zero or equal to array size */
        if(d == 0 || d == n)  
            return;  
          
        /*If number of elements to be rotated  
        is exactly half of array size */
        if(n - d == d)  
        {  
            swap(arr, i, n - d + i, d);  
            return;  
        }  
          
        /* If A is shorter*/    
        if(d < n - d)  
        {  
            swap(arr, i, n - d + i, d);  
            leftRotateRec(arr, i, d, n - d);      
        }  
        else /* If B is shorter*/    
        {  
            swap(arr, i, d, n - d);  
            leftRotateRec(arr, n - d + i, 2 * d - n, d); /*This is tricky*/
        }  
    } 
  
/*UTILITY FUNCTIONS*/
/* function to print an array */
public static void printArray(int arr[], int size)  
{  
    int i;  
    for(i = 0; i < size; i++)  
        System.out.print(arr[i] + " ");  
    System.out.println();  
}  
  
/*This function swaps d elements  
starting at index fi with d elements 
starting at index si */
public static void swap(int arr[], int fi, 
                        int si, int d)  
{  
    int i, temp;  
    for(i = 0; i < d; i++)  
    {  
        temp = arr[fi + i];  
        arr[fi + i] = arr[si + i];  
        arr[si + i] = temp;  
    }  
}  
  
// Driver Code 
public static void main (String[] args)  
{ 
    int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7};  
    leftRotate(arr, 2, 7);  
    printArray(arr, 7);      
} 
} 
  
// This code is contributed by codeseeker 

Iterative Implementation:
Here is iterative implementation of the same algorithm. Same utility function swap() is used here.

C

void leftRotate(int arr[], int d, int n) 
{ 
  int i, j; 
  if(d == 0 || d == n) 
    return; 
  i = d; 
  j = n - d; 
  while (i != j) 
  { 
    if(i < j) /*A is shorter*/
    { 
      swap(arr, d-i, d+j-i, i); 
      j -= i; 
    } 
    else /*B is shorter*/
    { 
      swap(arr, d-i, d, j); 
      i -= j; 
    } 
    // printArray(arr, 7); 
  } 
  /*Finally, block swap A and B*/
  swap(arr, d-i, d, i); 
} 

Java

//Java code for above implementation 
static void leftRotate(int arr[], int d, int n)  
{  
int i, j;  
if(d == 0 || d == n)  
    return;  
i = d;  
j = n - d;  
while (i != j)  
{  
    if(i < j) /*A is shorter*/
    {  
    swap(arr, d-i, d+j-i, i);  
    j -= i;  
    }  
    else /*B is shorter*/
    {  
    swap(arr, d-i, d, j);  
    i -= j;  
    }  
    // printArray(arr, 7);  
}  
/*Finally, block swap A and B*/
swap(arr, d-i, d, i);  
}  

Python3

# Python3 code for above implementation 
  
def leftRotate(arr, d, n):  
    if(d == 0 or d == n):  
        return;  
    i = d  
    j = n - d  
    while (i != j):  
          
        if(i < j): # A is shorter 
            swap(arr, d - i, d + j - i, i)  
            j -= i  
          
        else: # B is shorter 
            swap(arr, d - i, d, j)  
            i -= j  
      
    swap(arr, d - i, d, i) 
  
# This code is contributed  
# by Adarsh_Verma 

C#

// C# code for above implementation  
static void leftRotate(int []arr, int d, int n)  
{  
    int i, j;  
    if(d == 0 || d == n)  
        return;  
    i = d;  
    j = n - d;  
    while (i != j)  
    {  
        if(i < j) /*A is shorter*/
        {  
            swap(arr, d-i, d+j-i, i);  
            j -= i;  
        }  
        else /*B is shorter*/
        {  
            swap(arr, d-i, d, j);  
            i -= j;  
        }  
          
    }  
      
    /*Finally, block swap A and B*/
    swap(arr, d-i, d, i);  
}  
  
// This code is contributed by Rajput-Ji 

Time Complexity: O(n)

Please see following posts for other methods of array rotation:
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/array-rotation/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/program-for-array-rotation-continued-reversal-algorithm/

References:
http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/pearls/s02b.pdf

Please write comments if you find any bug in the above programs/algorithms or want to share any additional information about the block swap algorithm.

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My Personal Notes

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

C++

C

Java

C

Java

Python3

C#

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