Switch Statement in Java

Difficulty Level : Basic
Last Updated : 17 Feb, 2021

The switch statement is a multi-way branch statement. It provides an easy way to dispatch execution to different parts of code based on the value of the expression. Basically, the expression can be byte, short, char, and int primitive data types. Beginning with JDK7, it also works with enumerated types ( Enums in java), the String class and Wrapper classes.
Syntax of Switch-case :

// switch statement 
switch(expression)
{
   // case statements
   // values must be of same type of expression
   case value1 :
      // Statements
      break; // break is optional
   
   case value2 :
      // Statements
      break; // break is optional
   
   // We can have any number of case statements
   // below is default statement, used when none of the cases is true. 
   // No break is needed in the default case.
   default : 
      // Statements
}

Flow Diagram of Switch-case :

Flow Diagram of Switch-Case statement

Some Important rules for switch statements :

Duplicate case values are not allowed.
The value for a case must be of the same data type as the variable in the switch.
The value for a case must be a constant or a literal. Variables are not allowed.
The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement sequence.
The break statement is optional. If omitted, execution will continue on into the next case.
The default statement is optional and can appear anywhere inside the switch block. In case, if it is not at the end, then a break statement must be kept after the default statement to omit the execution of the next case statement.

Examples:
Consider the following java program, it declares an int named day whose value represents a day(1-7). The code displays the name of the day, based on the value of the day, using the switch statement.

Java

// Java program to demonstrate switch case
// with primitive(int) data type
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int day = 5;
        String dayString;
  
        // switch statement with int data type
        switch (day) {
        case 1:
            dayString = "Monday";
            break;
        case 2:
            dayString = "Tuesday";
            break;
        case 3:
            dayString = "Wednesday";
            break;
        case 4:
            dayString = "Thursday";
            break;
        case 5:
            dayString = "Friday";
            break;
        case 6:
            dayString = "Saturday";
            break;
        case 7:
            dayString = "Sunday";
            break;
        default:
            dayString = "Invalid day";
        }
        System.out.println(dayString);
    }
}

Output:

Friday

Omitting the break statement

As break statement is optional. If we omit the break, execution will continue on into the next case. It is sometimes desirable to have multiple cases without break statements between them. For example, consider the updated version of the above program, it also displays whether a day is a weekday or a weekend day.

Java

// Java program to demonstrate switch case
// with multiple cases without break statements
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        int day = 2;
        String dayType;
        String dayString;
  
        switch (day) {
        case 1:
            dayString = "Monday";
            break;
        case 2:
            dayString = "Tuesday";
            break;
        case 3:
            dayString = "Wednesday";
            break;
        case 4:
            dayString = "Thursday";
            break;
        case 5:
            dayString = "Friday";
            break;
        case 6:
            dayString = "Saturday";
            break;
        case 7:
            dayString = "Sunday";
            break;
        default:
            dayString = "Invalid day";
        }
  
        switch (day) {
        // multiple cases without break statements
  
        case 1:
        case 2:
        case 3:
        case 4:
        case 5:
            dayType = "Weekday";
            break;
        case 6:
        case 7:
            dayType = "Weekend";
            break;
  
        default:
            dayType = "Invalid daytype";
        }
  
        System.out.println(dayString + " is a " + dayType);
    }
}

Output:

Tuesday is a Weekday

Nested Switch Case statements

We can use a switch as part of the statement sequence of an outer switch. This is called a nested switch. Since a switch statement defines its own block, no conflicts arise between the case constants in the inner switch and those in the outer switch. For example:

Java

// Java program to demonstrate
// nested switch case statement
public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        String Branch = "CSE";
        int year = 2;
  
        switch (year) {
        case 1:
            System.out.println("elective courses : Advance english, Algebra");
            break;
        case 2:
            switch (Branch) // nested switch
            {
            case "CSE":
            case "CCE":
                System.out.println("elective courses : Machine Learning, Big Data");
                break;
  
            case "ECE":
                System.out.println("elective courses : Antenna Engineering");
                break;
  
            default:
                System.out.println("Elective courses : Optimization");
            }
        }
    }
}

Output:

elective courses : Machine Learning, Big Data

This article is contributed by Gaurav Miglani. If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an article using contribute.geeksforgeeks.org or mail your article to contribute@geeksforgeeks.org. See your article appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
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