Pointers variables are also known as address data types because they are used to store the address of another variable. The address is the memory location that is assigned to the variable. It doesn’t store any value.
Hence, there are only a few operations that are allowed to perform on Pointers in C language. The operations are slightly different from the ones that we generally use for mathematical calculations. The operations are:
- Increment/Decrement of a Pointer
- Addition of integer to a pointer
- Subtraction of integer to a pointer
- Subtracting two pointers of the same type
Increment/Decrement of a Pointer
Increment: It is a condition that also comes under addition. When a pointer is incremented, it actually increments by the number equal to the size of the data type for which it is a pointer.
For Example:
If an integer pointer that stores address 1000 is incremented, then it will increment by 2(size of an int) and the new address it will points to 1002. While if a float type pointer is incremented then it will increment by 4(size of a float) and the new address will be 1004.
Decrement: It is a condition that also comes under subtraction. When a pointer is decremented, it actually decrements by the number equal to the size of the data type for which it is a pointer.
For Example:
If an integer pointer that stores address 1000 is decremented, then it will decrement by 2(size of an int) and the new address it will points to 998. While if a float type pointer is decremented then it will decrement by 4(size of a float) and the new address will be 996.
Below is the program to illustrate pointer increment/decrement:
// C program to illustrate // pointer increment/decrement #include <stdio.h> // Driver Code int main() { // Integer variable int N = 4; // Pointer to an integer int *ptr1, *ptr2; // Pointer stores // the address of N ptr1 = &N; ptr2 = &N; printf("Pointer ptr1 " "before Increment: "); printf("%p \n", ptr1); // Incrementing pointer ptr1; ptr1++; printf("Pointer ptr1 after" " Increment: "); printf("%p \n\n", ptr1); printf("Pointer ptr1 before" " Decrement: "); printf("%p \n", ptr1); // Decrementing pointer ptr1; ptr1--; printf("Pointer ptr1 after" " Decrement: "); printf("%p \n\n", ptr1); return 0; } |
Pointer ptr1 before Increment: 0x7ffcb19385e4 Pointer ptr1 after Increment: 0x7ffcb19385e8 Pointer ptr1 before Decrement: 0x7ffcb19385e8 Pointer ptr1 after Decrement: 0x7ffcb19385e4
Addition
When a pointer is added with a value, the value is first multiplied by the size of data type and then added to the pointer.
// C program to illustrate pointer Addition #include <stdio.h> // Driver Code int main() { // Integer variable int N = 4; // Pointer to an integer int *ptr1, *ptr2; // Pointer stores the address of N ptr1 = &N; ptr2 = &N; printf("Pointer ptr2 before Addition: "); printf("%p \n", ptr2); // Addition of 3 to ptr2 ptr2 = ptr2 + 3; printf("Pointer ptr2 after Addition: "); printf("%p \n", ptr2); return 0; } |
Pointer ptr2 before Addition: 0x7fffffdcd984 Pointer ptr2 after Addition: 0x7fffffdcd990
Subtraction
When a pointer is subtracted with a value, the value is first multiplied by the size of the data type and then subtracted from the pointer.
Below is the program to illustrate pointer Subtraction:
// C program to illustrate pointer Subtraction #include <stdio.h> // Driver Code int main() { // Integer variable int N = 4; // Pointer to an integer int *ptr1, *ptr2; // Pointer stores the address of N ptr1 = &N; ptr2 = &N; printf("Pointer ptr2 before Subtraction: "); printf("%p \n", ptr2); // Subtraction of 3 to ptr2 ptr2 = ptr2 - 3; printf("Pointer ptr2 after Subtraction: "); printf("%p \n", ptr2); return 0; } |
Pointer ptr2 before Subtraction: 0x7ffcf1221b24 Pointer ptr2 after Subtraction: 0x7ffcf1221b18
Subtraction of Two Pointers
The subtraction of two pointers is possible only when they have the same data type. The result is generated by calculating the difference between the addresses of the two pointers and calculating how many bits of data it is according to the pointer data type. The subtraction of two pointers gives the increments between the two pointers.
For Example:
Two integer pointers say ptr1(address:1000) and ptr2(address:1016) are subtracted. The difference between address is 16 bytes. Since the size of int is 2 bytes, therefore the increment between ptr1 and ptr2 is given by (16/2) = 8.
Below is the implementation to illustrate the Subtraction of Two Pointers:
// C program to illustrate Subtraction // of two pointers #include <stdio.h> // Driver Code int main() { int x; // Integer variable int N = 4; // Pointer to an integer int *ptr1, *ptr2; // Pointer stores the address of N ptr1 = &N; ptr2 = &N; // Incrementing ptr2 by 3 ptr2 = ptr2 + 3; // Subtraction of ptr2 and ptr1 x = ptr2 - ptr1; // Print x to get the Increment // between ptr1 and ptr2 printf("Subtraction of ptr1 " "& ptr2 is %d\n", x); return 0; } |
Subtraction of ptr1 & ptr2 is 3
Pointer Arthemetic on Arrays:
Pointers contain addresses. Adding two addresses makes no sense because there is no idea what it would point to. Subtracting two addresses lets you compute the offset between the two addresses. An array name acts like a pointer constant. The value of this pointer constant is the address of the first element. For Example: if an array named arr then arr and &arr[0] can be used to reference array as a pointer.
Below is the program to illustrate the Pointer Arithmetic on arrays:
Program 1:
// C program to illustrate the array // traversal using pointers #include <stdio.h> // Driver Code int main() { int N = 5; // An array int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; // Declare pointer variable int* ptr; // Point the pointer to first // element in array arr[] ptr = arr; // Traverse array using ptr for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) { // Print element at which // ptr points printf("%d ", ptr[0]); ptr++; } } |
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Program 2:
// C program to illustrate the array // traversal using pointers in 2D array #include <stdio.h> // Function to traverse 2D array // using pointers void traverseArr(int* arr, int N, int M) { int i, j; // Travere rows of 2D matrix for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { // Travere columns of 2D matrix for (j = 0; j < M; j++) { // Print the element printf("%d ", *((arr + i * M) + j)); } printf("\n"); } } // Driver Code int main() { int N = 3, M = 2; // A 2D array int arr[][2] = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 }, { 5, 6 } }; // Function Call traverseArr((int*)arr, N, M); return 0; } |
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