Find the number of distinct islands in a 2D matrix

Given a boolean 2D matrix. The task is to find the number of distinct islands where a group of connected 1s (horizontally or vertically) forms an island. Two islands are considered to be distinct if and only if one island is equal to another (not rotated or reflected).

Examples:

Input: grid[][] =
{{1, 1, 0, 0, 0},
1, 1, 0, 0, 0},
0, 0, 0, 1, 1},
0, 0, 0, 1, 1}}

Output: 1
Island 1, 1 at the top left corner is same as island 1, 1 at the bottom right corner

Input: grid[][] =
{{1, 1, 0, 1, 1},
1, 0, 0, 0, 0},
0, 0, 0, 0, 1},
1, 1, 0, 1, 1}}

Output: 3
Distinct islands in the example above are: 1, 1 at the top left corner; 1, 1 at the top right corner and 1 at the bottom right corner. We ignore the island 1, 1 at the bottom left corner since 1, 1 it is identical to the top right corner.

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

Approach: This problem is an extension of the problem Number of Islands.

The core of the question is to know if 2 islands are equal. The primary criteria is that the number of 1’s should be same in both. But this cannot be the only criteria as we have seen in example 2 above. So how do we know? We could use the position/coordinates of the 1’s.

If we take the first coordinates of any island as a base point and then compute the coordinates of other points from the base point, we can eliminate duplicates to get the distinct count of islands. So, using this approach, the coordinates for the 2 islands in example 1 above can be represented as: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1)].

Below is the implementation of above approach:

C++

// C++ implementation of above approach 
#include <bits/stdc++.h> 
using namespace std; 
  
// 2D array for the storing the horizontal and vertical 
// directions. (Up, left, down, right} 
vector<vector<int> > dirs = { { 0, -1 }, 
                              { -1, 0 }, 
                              { 0, 1 }, 
                              { 1, 0 } }; 
  
// Function to perform dfs of the input grid 
void dfs(vector<vector<int> >& grid, int x0, int y0, 
         int i, int j, vector<pair<int, int> >& v) 
{ 
    int rows = grid.size(), cols = grid[0].size(); 
  
    if (i < 0 || i >= rows || i < 0 
        || j >= cols || grid[i][j] <= 0) 
        return; 
  
    // marking the visited element as -1 
    grid[i][j] *= -1; 
  
    // computing coordinates with x0, y0 as base 
    v.push_back({ i - x0, j - y0 }); 
  
    // repeat dfs for neighbors 
    for (auto dir : dirs) { 
        dfs(grid, x0, y0, i + dir[0], j + dir[1], v); 
    } 
} 
  
// Main function that returns distinct count of islands in 
// a given boolean 2D matrix 
int countDistinctIslands(vector<vector<int> >& grid) 
{ 
    int rows = grid.size(); 
    if (rows == 0) 
        return 0; 
  
    int cols = grid[0].size(); 
    if (cols == 0) 
        return 0; 
  
    set<vector<pair<int, int> > > coordinates; 
  
    for (int i = 0; i < rows; ++i) { 
        for (int j = 0; j < cols; ++j) { 
  
            // If a cell is not 1 
            // no need to dfs 
            if (grid[i][j] != 1) 
                continue; 
  
            // vector to hold coordinates 
            // of this island 
            vector<pair<int, int> > v; 
            dfs(grid, i, j, i, j, v); 
  
            // insert the coordinates for 
            // this island to set 
            coordinates.insert(v); 
        } 
    } 
  
    return coordinates.size(); 
} 
  
// Driver code 
int main() 
{ 
    vector<vector<int> > grid = { { 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 }, 
                                  { 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 }, 
                                  { 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 }, 
                                  { 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 } }; 
  
    cout << "Number of distinct islands is "
         << countDistinctIslands(grid); 
  
    return 0; 
} 

Python3

# Python implementation of above approach 
  
# 2D array for the storing the horizontal and vertical 
# directions. (Up, left, down, right 
dirs = [ [ 0, -1 ], 
        [ -1, 0 ], 
        [ 0, 1 ], 
        [ 1, 0 ] ] 
  
# Function to perform dfs of the input grid 
def dfs(grid, x0, y0, i, j, v): 
    rows = len(grid) 
    cols = len(grid[0]) 
  
    if i < 0 or i >= rows or i < 0 or j >= cols or grid[i][j] <= 0: 
        return
    # marking the visited element as -1 
    grid[i][j] *= -1
  
    # computing coordinates with x0, y0 as base 
    v.append( [i - x0, j - y0] ) 
  
    # repeat dfs for neighbors 
    for dir in dirs:  
        dfs(grid, x0, y0, i + dir[0], j + dir[1], v) 
      
  
  
# Main function that returns distinct count of islands in 
# a given boolean 2D matrix 
def countDistinctIslands(grid): 
    rows = len(grid) 
    if rows == 0: 
        return 0
  
    cols = len(grid[0]) 
    if cols == 0: 
        return 0
  
    coordinates = [] 
  
    for i in range(rows): 
        for j in range(cols):  
  
            # If a cell is not 1 
            # no need to dfs 
            if grid[i][j] != 1: 
                continue
  
            # to hold coordinates 
            # of this island 
            v = [] 
            dfs(grid, i, j, i, j, v) 
  
            # insert the coordinates for 
            # this island to set 
            coordinates.append(v) 
          
    return len(coordinates) 
  
# Driver code 
grid = [[ 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 ], 
[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], 
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ], 
[ 1, 1, 0, 1, 1 ] ] 
  
print("Number of distinct islands is",countDistinctIslands(grid)) 
  
# This code is contributed by ankush_953 

Output:

Number of distinct islands is 3

Time complexity: O(rows * cols)
Space complexity: O(rows * cols)

My Personal Notes

Recommended: Please try your approach on {IDE} first, before moving on to the solution.

C++

Python3

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