Dynamic Segment Trees : Online Queries for Range Sum with Point Updates

Prerequisites: Segment Tree
Given a number N which represents the size of the array initialized to 0 and Q queries to process where there are two types of queries:

1 P V: Put the value V at position P.
2 L R: Output the sum of values from L to R.

The task is to answer these queries.

Constraints:

1 ? N ? 10¹⁸
Q ? 10⁵
1 ? L ? R? N

Note: Queries are online. Therefore:

L = (previousAnswer + L) % N + 1
R = (previousAnswer + R) % N + 1

Examples:

Input: N = 5, Q = 5, arr[][] = {{1, 2, 3}, {1, 1, 4}, {1, 3, 5}, {1, 4, 7}, {2, 3, 4}}
Output: 12
Explanation:
There are five queries. Since N = 5, therefore, initially, the array is {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
For query 1: 1 2 3 array = {0, 3, 0, 0, 0}
For query 2: 1 1 4 array = {4, 3, 0, 0, 0}
For query 3: 1 3 5 array = {4, 3, 5, 0, 0}
For query 4: 1 4 7 array = {4, 3, 5, 7, 0}
For query 5: 2 3 4 Sum from [3, 4] = 7 + 5 = 12.
Input: N = 3, Q = 2, arr[][] = {{1, 1, 1}, {1, 2, 2}, {1, 3, 3}}
Output: 0

Approach: Here, since the updates are high, Kadane’s algorithm doesn’t work quite well. Moreover, since it is given that the queries are online, a simple segment tree would not be able to solve this problem because the constraints for the number of elements is very high. Therefore, a new type of data structure, a dynamic segment tree is used in this problem.
Dynamic Segment Tree: Dynamic segment tree is not a new data structure. It is very similar to the segment tree. The following are the properties of the dynamic segment tree:

Instead of using an array to represent the intervals, a node is created whenever a new interval is to be updated.
The following is the structure of the node of the dynamic segment tree:

C++

// Every node contains the value and
// the left subtree and right subtree
struct Node {
    long long value;
    struct Node *L, *R;
};
   
struct Node* getnode()
{
    struct Node* temp = new struct Node;
    temp->value = 0;
    temp->L = NULL;
    temp->R = NULL;
    return temp;
}

Java

// Every node contains the value and
// the left subtree and right subtree
    static class Node {
        int value;
        Node L, R;
   
    }
   
    static Node getnode() {
        Node temp = new Node();
        temp.value = 0;
        temp.L = null;
        temp.R = null;
        return temp;
    }
 
// This code is contributed by Aman Kumar.

Python3

# Define a class to represent a binary tree node
class Node:
    def __init__(self):
       
        # Each node contains a value and left and
        # right subtree references
        self.value = 0
        self.L = None
        self.R = None
 
# Define a function to create a new node
 
 
def getnode():
   
    # Allocate memory for the new node
    temp = Node()
     
    # Set the initial values for the node's value
    # and left and right subtree references
    temp.value = 0
    temp.L = None
    temp.R = None
     
    # Return the newly created node
    return temp
# this code is contributed by prajwal kandekar

C#

// C# program for the above approach
using System;
 
public class Node
{
    public int value;
    public Node L, R;
}
 
public class Program
{
    public static Node getnode()
    {
        Node temp = new Node();
        temp.value = 0;
        temp.L = null;
        temp.R = null;
        return temp;
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by rishab

Javascript

// Javascript code for above approach
 
class Node {
  constructor() {
    // Each node contains a value and left and
    // right subtree references
    this.value = 0;
    this.L = null;
    this.R = null;
  }
}
 
// Define a function to create a new node
function getnode() {
  // Allocate memory for the new node
  let temp = new Node();
 
  // Set the initial values for the node's value
  // and left and right subtree references
  temp.value = 0;
  temp.L = null;
  temp.R = null;
 
  // Return the newly created node
  return temp;
}
 
 
// This code is contributed by sdeadityasharma

Clearly, the above structure is the same as a Binary Search Tree. In every node, we are storing the node’s value and two pointers pointing to the left and right subtree.
The Interval of the root is from [1, N], the interval of the left subtree will be [1, N/2] and the interval for the right subtree will be [N/2 + 1, N].
Similarly, for every node, we can calculate the interval it is representing. Let’s say the interval of the current node is [L, R]. Then, the Interval of its left and right subtree are [L, (L + R)/2] and [(L + R)/2+1, R] respectively.
Since we are creating a new node only when required, the build() function from the segment tree is completely removed.

Before getting into the algorithm for the operations, let’s define the terms used in this article:

Node’s interval: It is the interval the node is representing.
Required interval: Interval for which the sum is to calculate.
Required index: Index at which Update is required.

The following is the algorithm used for the operations on the tree with the above-mentioned properties:

Point Update: The following algorithm is used for the point update:
1. Start with the root node.
2. If the interval at the node doesn’t overlap with the required index then return.
3. If the node is a NULL entry then create a new node with the appropriate intervals and descend into that node by going back to step 2 for every new child created.
4. If both, intervals and the index at which the value is to be stored are equal, then store the value into at that node.
5. If the interval at the node overlaps partially with the required index then descend into its children and continue the execution from step 2.
Finding the sum for every query: The following algorithm is used to find the sum for every query:
1. Start with the root node.
2. If the node is a NULL or the interval at that node doesn’t overlap with the required interval, then return 0.
3. If the interval at the node completely overlaps with the required interval then return the value stored at the node.
4. If the interval at the node overlaps partially with the required interval then descend into its children and continue the execution from step 2 for both of its children.

Example: Lets visualize the update and sum with an example. Let N = 10 and the operations needed to perform on the tree are as follows:

Insert 10 at position 1.
Find the sum of value of indices from 2 to 8.
Insert 3 at position 5.
Find the sum of value of indices from 3 to 6.

Initially, for the value N = 10, the tree is empty. Therefore:

Insert 10 at position 1. In order to do this, create a new node until we get the required interval. Therefore:

Find the sum of value of indices from 2 to 8. In order to do this, the sum from [1, 8] is found and the value [1, 2] is subtracted from it. Since the node [1, 8] is not yet created, the value of [1, 8] is the value of the root [1, 10]. Therefore:

Insert 3 at position 5. In order to do this, create a new node until we get the required interval. Therefore:

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++

// C++ program for the implementation
// of the Dynamic segment tree and
// perform the range updates on the
// given queries
 
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
 
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
 
// Structure of the node
struct Node {
 
    ll value;
    struct Node *L, *R;
};
 
// Structure to get the newly formed
// node
struct Node* getnode()
{
    struct Node* temp = new struct Node;
    temp->value = 0;
    temp->L = NULL;
    temp->R = NULL;
    return temp;
}
 
// Creating the Root node
struct Node* root;
 
// Function to perform the point update
// on the dynamic segment tree
void UpdateHelper(struct Node* curr, ll index,
                  ll L, ll R, ll val)
{
 
    // If the index is not overlapping
    // with the index
    if (L > index || R < index)
        return;
 
    // If the index is completely overlapping
    // with the index
    if (L == R && L == index) {
 
        // Update the value of the node
        // to the given value
        curr->value = val;
        return;
    }
 
    // Computing the middle index if none
    // of the above base cases are satisfied
    ll mid = L - (L - R) / 2;
    ll sum1 = 0, sum2 = 0;
 
    // If the index is in the left subtree
    if (index <= mid) {
 
        // Create a new node if the left
        // subtree is null
        if (curr->L == NULL)
            curr->L = getnode();
 
        // Recursively call the function
        // for the left subtree
        UpdateHelper(curr->L, index, L, mid, val);
    }
 
    // If the index is in the right subtree
    else {
 
        // Create a new node if the right
        // subtree is null
        if (curr->R == NULL)
            curr->R = getnode();
 
        // Recursively call the function
        // for the right subtree
        UpdateHelper(curr->R, index, mid + 1, R, val);
    }
 
    // Storing the sum of the left subtree
    if (curr->L)
        sum1 = curr->L->value;
 
    // Storing the sum of the right subtree
    if (curr->R)
        sum2 = curr->R->value;
 
    // Storing the sum of the children into
    // the node's value
    curr->value = sum1 + sum2;
    return;
}
 
// Function to find the sum of the
// values given by the range
ll queryHelper(struct Node* curr, ll a,
               ll b, ll L, ll R)
{
 
    // Return 0 if the root is null
    if (curr == NULL)
        return 0;
 
    // If the index is not overlapping
    // with the index, then the node
    // is not created. So sum is 0
    if (L > b || R < a)
        return 0;
 
    // If the index is completely overlapping
    // with the index, return the node's value
    if (L >= a && R <= b)
        return curr->value;
 
    ll mid = L - (L - R) / 2;
 
    // Return the sum of values stored
    // at the node's children
    return queryHelper(curr->L, a, b, L, mid)
           + queryHelper(curr->R, a, b, mid + 1, R);
}
 
// Function to call the queryHelper
// function to find the sum for
// the query
ll query(int L, int R)
{
    return queryHelper(root, L, R, 1, 10);
}
 
// Function to call the UpdateHelper
// function for the point update
void update(int index, int value)
{
    UpdateHelper(root, index, 1, 10, value);
}
 
// Function to perform the operations
// on the tree
void operations()
{
    // Creating an empty tree
    root = getnode();
 
    // Update the value at position 1 to 10
    update(1, 10);
 
    // Update the value at position 3 to 5
    update(3, 5);
 
    // Finding sum for the range [2, 8]
    cout << query(2, 8) << endl;
 
    // Finding sum for the range [1, 10]
    cout << query(1, 10) << endl;
 
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    operations();
 
    return 0;
}

Java

// Java program for the implementation
// of the Dynamic segment tree and
// perform the range updates on the
// given queries
 
class GFG {
 
    // Structure of the node
    static class Node {
        int value;
        Node L, R;
 
    }
 
    // Structure to get the newly formed
    // node
    static Node getnode() {
        Node temp = new Node();
        temp.value = 0;
        temp.L = null;
        temp.R = null;
        return temp;
    }
 
    // Creating the Root node
    static Node root = new Node();
 
    // Function to perform the point update
    // on the dynamic segment tree
    static void UpdateHelper(Node curr, int index, int L, int R, int val) {
 
        // If the index is not overlapping
        // with the index
        if (L > index || R < index)
            return;
 
        // If the index is completely overlapping
        // with the index
        if (L == R && L == index) {
 
            // Update the value of the node
            // to the given value
            curr.value = val;
            return;
        }
 
        // Computing the middle index if none
        // of the above base cases are satisfied
        int mid = L - (L - R) / 2;
        int sum1 = 0, sum2 = 0;
 
        // If the index is in the left subtree
        if (index <= mid) {
 
            // Create a new node if the left
            // subtree is null
            if (curr.L == null)
                curr.L = getnode();
 
            // Recursively call the function
            // for the left subtree
            UpdateHelper(curr.L, index, L, mid, val);
        }
 
        // If the index is in the right subtree
        else {
 
            // Create a new node if the right
            // subtree is null
            if (curr.R == null)
                curr.R = getnode();
 
            // Recursively call the function
            // for the right subtree
            UpdateHelper(curr.R, index, mid + 1, R, val);
        }
 
        // Storing the sum of the left subtree
        if (curr.L != null)
            sum1 = curr.L.value;
 
        // Storing the sum of the right subtree
        if (curr.R != null)
            sum2 = curr.R.value;
 
        // Storing the sum of the children into
        // the node's value
        curr.value = sum1 + sum2;
        return;
    }
 
    // Function to find the sum of the
    // values given by the range
    static int queryHelper(Node curr, int a, int b, int L, int R) {
 
        // Return 0 if the root is null
        if (curr == null)
            return 0;
 
        // If the index is not overlapping
        // with the index, then the node
        // is not created. So sum is 0
        if (L > b || R < a)
            return 0;
 
        // If the index is completely overlapping
        // with the index, return the node's value
        if (L >= a && R <= b)
            return curr.value;
 
        int mid = L - (L - R) / 2;
 
        // Return the sum of values stored
        // at the node's children
        return queryHelper(curr.L, a, b, L, mid) + queryHelper(curr.R, a, b, mid + 1, R);
    }
 
    // Function to call the queryHelper
    // function to find the sum for
    // the query
    static int query(int L, int R) {
        return queryHelper(root, L, R, 1, 10);
    }
 
    // Function to call the UpdateHelper
    // function for the point update
    static void update(int index, int value) {
        UpdateHelper(root, index, 1, 10, value);
    }
 
    // Function to perform the operations
    // on the tree
    static void operations() {
        // Creating an empty tree
        root = getnode();
 
        // Update the value at position 1 to 10
        update(1, 10);
 
        // Update the value at position 3 to 5
        update(3, 5);
 
        // Finding sum for the range [2, 8]
        System.out.println(query(2, 8));
 
        // Finding sum for the range [1, 10]
        System.out.println(query(1, 10));
 
    }
 
    // Driver code
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        operations();
    }
}
 
// This code is contributed by sanjeev2552

Python3

# C++ program for the implementation
# of the Dynamic segment tree and
# perform the range updates on the
# given queries
 
 
# Structure of the node
class Node:
    def __init__(self):
        self.value=-1
        self.L, self.R=None,None
 
 
# Structure to get the newly formed
# node
def getnode():
    temp = Node()
    temp.value = 0
    temp.L = None
    temp.R = None
    return temp
 
 
# Creating the Root node
root=None
 
# Function to perform the point update
# on the dynamic segment tree
def UpdateHelper(curr, index, L, R, val):
 
    # If the index is not overlapping
    # with the index
    if (L > index or R < index):
        return
 
    # If the index is completely overlapping
    # with the index
    if (L == R and L == index) :
 
        # Update the value of the node
        # to the given value
        curr.value = val
        return
     
 
    # Computing the middle index if none
    # of the above base cases are satisfied
    mid = int(L - (L - R) / 2)
    sum1 = 0; sum2 = 0
 
    # If the index is in the left subtree
    if (index <= mid) :
 
        # Create a new node if the left
        # subtree is None
        if (curr.L == None):
            curr.L = getnode()
 
        # Recursively call the function
        # for the left subtree
        UpdateHelper(curr.L, index, L, mid, val)
     
 
    # If the index is in the right subtree
    else :
 
        # Create a new node if the right
        # subtree is None
        if (curr.R == None):
            curr.R = getnode()
 
        # Recursively call the function
        # for the right subtree
        UpdateHelper(curr.R, index, mid + 1, R, val)
     
 
    # Storing the sum of the left subtree
    if (curr.L):
        sum1 = curr.L.value
 
    # Storing the sum of the right subtree
    if (curr.R):
        sum2 = curr.R.value
 
    # Storing the sum of the children into
    # the node's value
    curr.value = sum1 + sum2
    return
 
 
# Function to find the sum of the
# values given by the range
def queryHelper(curr, a, b, L, R):
 
    # Return 0 if the root is None
    if (curr == None):
        return 0
 
    # If the index is not overlapping
    # with the index, then the node
    # is not created. So sum is 0
    if (L > b or R < a):
        return 0
 
    # If the index is completely overlapping
    # with the index, return the node's value
    if (L >= a and R <= b):
        return curr.value
 
    mid = int(L - (L - R) / 2)
 
    # Return the sum of values stored
    # at the node's children
    return queryHelper(curr.L, a, b, L, mid) + queryHelper(curr.R, a, b, mid + 1, R)
 
 
# Function to call the queryHelper
# function to find the sum for
# the query
def query(L, R):
    return queryHelper(root, L, R, 1, 10)
 
 
# Function to call the UpdateHelper
# function for the point update
def update(index, value):
    UpdateHelper(root, index, 1, 10, value)
 
 
# Function to perform the operations
# on the tree
def operations():
    global root
    # Creating an empty tree
    root = getnode()
 
    # Update the value at position 1 to 10
    update(1, 10)
 
    # Update the value at position 3 to 5
    update(3, 5)
 
    # Finding sum for the range [2, 8]
    print(query(2, 8))
 
    # Finding sum for the range [1, 10]
    print(query(1, 10))
 
 
 
# Driver code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    operations()

C#

using System;
 
// C# program for the implementation
// of the Dynamic segment tree and
// perform the range updates on the
// given queries
 
class GFG {
 
  // Structure of the node
  public  class Node {
    public int value;
    public Node L, R;
 
  }
 
  // Structure to get the newly formed
  // node
  static Node getnode() {
    Node temp = new Node();
    temp.value = 0;
    temp.L = null;
    temp.R = null;
    return temp;
  }
 
  // Creating the Root node
  static Node root = new Node();
 
  // Function to perform the point update
  // on the dynamic segment tree
  static void UpdateHelper(Node curr, int index, int L, int R, int val) {
 
    // If the index is not overlapping
    // with the index
    if (L > index || R < index)
      return;
 
    // If the index is completely overlapping
    // with the index
    if (L == R && L == index) {
 
      // Update the value of the node
      // to the given value
      curr.value = val;
      return;
    }
 
    // Computing the middle index if none
    // of the above base cases are satisfied
    int mid = L - (L - R) / 2;
    int sum1 = 0, sum2 = 0;
 
    // If the index is in the left subtree
    if (index <= mid) {
 
      // Create a new node if the left
      // subtree is null
      if (curr.L == null)
        curr.L = getnode();
 
      // Recursively call the function
      // for the left subtree
      UpdateHelper(curr.L, index, L, mid, val);
    }
 
    // If the index is in the right subtree
    else {
 
      // Create a new node if the right
      // subtree is null
      if (curr.R == null)
        curr.R = getnode();
 
      // Recursively call the function
      // for the right subtree
      UpdateHelper(curr.R, index, mid + 1, R, val);
    }
 
    // Storing the sum of the left subtree
    if (curr.L != null)
      sum1 = curr.L.value;
 
    // Storing the sum of the right subtree
    if (curr.R != null)
      sum2 = curr.R.value;
 
    // Storing the sum of the children into
    // the node's value
    curr.value = sum1 + sum2;
    return;
  }
 
  // Function to find the sum of the
  // values given by the range
  static int queryHelper(Node curr, int a, int b, int L, int R) {
 
    // Return 0 if the root is null
    if (curr == null)
      return 0;
 
    // If the index is not overlapping
    // with the index, then the node
    // is not created. So sum is 0
    if (L > b || R < a)
      return 0;
 
    // If the index is completely overlapping
    // with the index, return the node's value
    if (L >= a && R <= b)
      return curr.value;
 
    int mid = L - (L - R) / 2;
 
    // Return the sum of values stored
    // at the node's children
    return queryHelper(curr.L, a, b, L, mid) + queryHelper(curr.R, a, b, mid + 1, R);
  }
 
  // Function to call the queryHelper
  // function to find the sum for
  // the query
  static int query(int L, int R) {
    return queryHelper(root, L, R, 1, 10);
  }
 
  // Function to call the UpdateHelper
  // function for the point update
  static void update(int index, int value) {
    UpdateHelper(root, index, 1, 10, value);
  }
 
  // Function to perform the operations
  // on the tree
  static void operations() {
    // Creating an empty tree
    root = getnode();
 
    // Update the value at position 1 to 10
    update(1, 10);
 
    // Update the value at position 3 to 5
    update(3, 5);
 
    // Finding sum for the range [2, 8]
    Console.WriteLine(query(2, 8));
 
    // Finding sum for the range [1, 10]
    Console.WriteLine(query(1, 10));
 
  }
 
  // Driver code
  public static void Main(String[] args) {
    operations();
  }
}
 
// This code is contributed by jana_sayantan.

Javascript

<script>
 
// Javascript program for the implementation
// of the Dynamic segment tree and perform
// the range updates on the given queries
 
// Structure of the node
class Node
{
    constructor()
    {
        this.L = null;
        this.R = null;
        this.value = 0;
    }
}
 
// Structure to get the newly formed
// node
function getnode()
{
    let temp = new Node();
    return temp;
}
 
// Creating the Root node
let root = new Node();
 
// Function to perform the point update
// on the dynamic segment tree
function UpdateHelper(curr, index, L, R, val)
{
     
    // If the index is not overlapping
    // with the index
    if (L > index || R < index)
        return;
 
    // If the index is completely overlapping
    // with the index
    if (L == R && L == index)
    {
         
        // Update the value of the node
        // to the given value
        curr.value = val;
        return;
    }
 
    // Computing the middle index if none
    // of the above base cases are satisfied
    let mid = L - parseInt((L - R) / 2, 10);
    let sum1 = 0, sum2 = 0;
 
    // If the index is in the left subtree
    if (index <= mid)
    {
         
        // Create a new node if the left
        // subtree is null
        if (curr.L == null)
            curr.L = getnode();
 
        // Recursively call the function
        // for the left subtree
        UpdateHelper(curr.L, index, L, mid, val);
    }
 
    // If the index is in the right subtree
    else
    {
         
        // Create a new node if the right
        // subtree is null
        if (curr.R == null)
            curr.R = getnode();
 
        // Recursively call the function
        // for the right subtree
        UpdateHelper(curr.R, index, mid + 1, R, val);
    }
 
    // Storing the sum of the left subtree
    if (curr.L != null)
        sum1 = curr.L.value;
 
    // Storing the sum of the right subtree
    if (curr.R != null)
        sum2 = curr.R.value;
 
    // Storing the sum of the children into
    // the node's value
    curr.value = sum1 + sum2;
    return;
}
 
// Function to find the sum of the
// values given by the range
function queryHelper(curr, a, b, L, R)
{
     
    // Return 0 if the root is null
    if (curr == null)
        return 0;
 
    // If the index is not overlapping
    // with the index, then the node
    // is not created. So sum is 0
    if (L > b || R < a)
        return 0;
 
    // If the index is completely overlapping
    // with the index, return the node's value
    if (L >= a && R <= b)
        return curr.value;
 
    let mid = L - parseInt((L - R) / 2, 10);
 
    // Return the sum of values stored
    // at the node's children
    return queryHelper(curr.L, a, b, L, mid) +
           queryHelper(curr.R, a, b, mid + 1, R);
}
 
// Function to call the queryHelper
// function to find the sum for
// the query
function query(L, R)
{
    return queryHelper(root, L, R, 1, 10);
}
 
// Function to call the UpdateHelper
// function for the point update
function update(index, value)
{
    UpdateHelper(root, index, 1, 10, value);
}
 
// Function to perform the operations
// on the tree
function operations()
{
     
    // Creating an empty tree
    root = getnode();
 
    // Update the value at position 1 to 10
    update(1, 10);
 
    // Update the value at position 3 to 5
    update(3, 5);
 
    // Finding sum for the range [2, 8]
    document.write(query(2, 8) + "</br>");
 
    // Finding sum for the range [1, 10]
    document.write(query(1, 10) + "</br>");
}
 
// Driver code
operations();
 
// This code is contributed by mukesh07
 
</script>