Chapter 6: Structure of the Judiciary| Class 11 Polity Notes

The judicial system in India is structured in a pyramidal manner, with the Supreme Court positioned at the apex, followed by the High Courts, and further down, the district and subordinate courts.

Let’s delve into each level of judiciary and their respective jurisdictions!

Structure of the Judiciary

The Supreme Court, governed by the Constitution, holds significant powers within defined limitations. Its jurisdiction encompasses three main areas:

1. Original Jurisdiction:

The Supreme Court has the exclusive authority to adjudicate on cases involving federal relations. This includes disputes between the Union and the States, as well as inter-state conflicts. It acts as the ultimate arbiter in resolving such matters, interpreting constitutional provisions regarding the powers of the Union and State governments.

2. Writ Jurisdiction:

Individuals whose fundamental rights have been violated can directly petition the Supreme Court for remedy through writs. These writs enable the Court to issue special orders to the executive, instructing them on specific actions to take or refrain from.

3. Appellate Jurisdiction:

As the highest court of appeal, the Supreme Court entertains appeals against decisions of the High Courts. However, for an appeal to be admitted, the High Court must certify that the case involves significant legal or constitutional interpretation. Additionally, the Supreme Court holds the power to review lower court decisions, offering new interpretations where warranted.

4. Advisory Jurisdiction:

Beyond its original and appellate roles, the Supreme Court also possesses advisory jurisdiction. The President can seek the Court’s advice on matters of public importance or constitutional interpretation. Although non-binding, such advice serves as legal opinion, guiding governmental actions and potential legislative amendments.

Role of High Courts

Appellate Jurisdiction:

High Courts serve as appellate bodies, reviewing decisions made by lower courts within their respective jurisdictions. They play a crucial role in ensuring consistency and correctness in legal interpretations.

Key Constitutional Articles:

Article 137

This article empowers the Supreme Court to review any judgment or order pronounced by it, reflecting the Court’s authority to self-evaluate and rectify errors.

Article 144

All authorities, civil and judicial, within the territory of India are obligated to assist and act in aid of the Supreme Court. This underscores the binding nature of Supreme Court decisions and the enforceability of its orders across the nation.

Conclusion

The unified structure of India’s judiciary, with the Supreme Court at its helm, ensures consistency, impartiality, and adherence to constitutional principles. With its multifaceted jurisdiction, the judiciary plays a pivotal role in safeguarding individual rights, resolving disputes, and upholding the rule of law across the nation.

Structure of the Judiciary- FAQs

What is the structure of India’s judiciary, and how does it function?

The judiciary in India is structured in a pyramidal fashion, with the Supreme Court at the top, followed by High Courts and district/subordinate courts. Each level has specific jurisdictions and functions, with lower courts operating under the supervision of higher courts.

What are the main jurisdictions of the Supreme Court in India?

The Supreme Court of India has three primary jurisdictions: original, appellate, and advisory. It can adjudicate on cases involving federal relations, serve as the highest appellate body, and provide advisory opinions to the President on matters of public importance or constitutional interpretation.

Can individuals directly approach the Supreme Court if their fundamental rights are violated?

Yes, individuals whose fundamental rights are violated have the option to directly petition the Supreme Court for remedy through writs. The Court has the authority to issue special orders to the executive to rectify such violations.

What role do High Courts play in India’s judicial system?

High Courts serve as appellate bodies, reviewing decisions made by lower courts within their jurisdictions. They ensure consistency and correctness in legal interpretations, contributing to the overall efficacy of the judicial system.

Are decisions made by the Supreme Court binding on all other courts in India?

Yes, decisions rendered by the Supreme Court are binding on all other courts within the territory of India. Article 144 of the Constitution mandates that all authorities, civil and judicial, act in aid of the Supreme Court, highlighting the enforceability of its orders nationwide.