Branches of Geography (Based on Systematic Approach)|Class 11 Geography Notes

Class 11 Geography: Branches of Geography (Based on Systematic Approach): The two major approaches to studying geography are the systematic and regional approaches. The systematic approach, pioneered by Alexander Von Humboldt, involves studying phenomena worldwide and identifying typologies or spatial patterns. On the other hand, the regional approach, developed by Karl Ritter, divides the world into regions at different hierarchical levels and studies all geographical phenomena within a particular region.

Dualism is a characteristic of geography, reflecting the emphasis placed on either physical or human geography. While early scholars focused on physical geography, it became apparent that humans are an integral part of the Earth’s surface and have contributed significantly through cultural development. Thus, human geography emerged, emphasizing human activities alongside the study of nature.

In this article, we will delve deep into the topic of “Branches of Geography (Based on Systematic Approach)” from the NCERT Class 12 Geography Book. These notes are specially curated by an expert team at GeeksforGeeks for all the students.

Branches of Geography (Based on Systematic Approach)

Branches of geography is divided into the following:

Physical Geography

Physical Geography is a broad field encompassing several specialized areas:

(i) Geomorphology: This area focuses on studying landforms, including their formation, evolution, and related processes.

(ii) Climatology: Climatology involves the study of the Earth’s atmosphere, including its structure, weather patterns, climate types, and regional variations.

(iii) Hydrology: Hydrology examines the distribution and movement of water over the Earth’s surface, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies. It also explores the impact of water on various life forms, including humans, and their activities.

(iv) Soil Geography: Soil Geography is dedicated to understanding the processes of soil formation, the different types of soils, their fertility levels, distribution patterns, and utilization in various human activities.

Human Geography

Human Geography covers a range of topics focusing on human activities and their interactions with the environment:

(i) Social/Cultural Geography: This area examines society and its spatial dynamics, as well as the cultural elements contributed by society.

(ii) Population and Settlement Geography: Population and Settlement Geography studies population growth, distribution, density, sex ratio, migration, occupational structure, and other demographic factors. Settlement geography explores the characteristics of rural and urban settlements.

(iii) Economic Geography: Economic Geography investigates the economic activities of people, including agriculture, industry, tourism, trade, transportation, infrastructure, and services.

(iv) Historical Geography: Historical Geography examines the historical processes through which space is organized. It explores the historical experiences of different regions and how geographical features change over time.

(v) Political Geography: Political Geography focuses on political events and structures. It studies boundaries, spatial relations between neighboring political units, delimitation of constituencies, election scenarios, and develops theoretical frameworks to understand political behavior.

Biogeography

The interface between physical geography and human geography has led to the development of Biogeography, which encompasses:

(i) Plant Geography: This area studies the spatial patterns of natural vegetation in their habitats.

(ii) Zoo Geography: Zoo Geography focuses on the spatial patterns and geographic characteristics of animals and their habitats.

(iii) Ecology/Ecosystem: Ecology and Ecosystem studies the scientific aspects of habitats characteristic of species, including their interactions and dynamics.

(iv) Environmental Geography: Environmental Geography addresses worldwide environmental issues such as land degradation, pollution, and conservation concerns. It aims to understand and address these challenges through geographical perspectives.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the branches of geography offer a diverse range of perspectives, enabling us to comprehend the intricate relationships between the physical environment, human societies, and the interconnected nature of our world. By integrating these various disciplines, geography equips us with the knowledge and tools to navigate the complexities of our ever-changing planet.

FAQs on Class 11 Geography: Branches of Geography (Based on Systematic Approach)

What is the primary focus of Physical Geography?

Physical Geography primarily focuses on the study of natural phenomena such as landforms, climate, water bodies, and soil composition.

How does Human Geography differ from Physical Geography?

Human Geography concentrates on the study of human activities, settlements, cultures, economic systems, and their interactions with the physical environment.

What is the role of Cartography in Geography?

Cartography is the study and practice of making maps. It plays a crucial role in Geography by visually representing spatial data, enabling better understanding and analysis of geographical information.

What is the significance of Biogeography?

Biogeography is essential for understanding the distribution and diversity of plant and animal life on Earth. It helps us comprehend the complex relationships between living organisms and their environments, and aids in conservation efforts.

How does Geography contribute to addressing environmental issues?

Geography, particularly through branches like Environmental Geography and Ecology, provides insights into the impact of human activities on the environment, enabling the development of sustainable solutions and conservation strategies.