Given an undirected graph defined by the number of vertex V and the edges E[ ], the task is to find Maximal Independent Vertex Set in an undirected graph.
Independent Set: An independent set in a graph is a set of vertices which are not directly connected to each other.
Note: It is a given that there is at least one way to traverse from any vertex in the graph to another, i.e. the graph has one connected component.
Examples:
Input: V = 3, E = { (1, 2), (2, 3) }
Output: {1, 3}
Explanation:
Since there are no edges between 1 and 3, and we cannot add 2 to this since it is a neighbour of 1, this is the Maximal Independent Set.
Input: V = 8,
E = { (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (5, 6), (6, 7), (4, 8) }
Output: {2, 3, 5, 7, 8}
Approach:
This problem is an NP-Hard problem, which can only be solved in exponential time(as of right now).
Follow the steps below to solve the problem:
- Iterate through the vertices of the graph and use backtracking to check if a vertex can be included in the Maximal Independent Set or not.
- Two possibilities arise for each vertex, whether it can be included or not in the maximal independent set.
- Initially start, considering all vertices and edges. One by one, select a vertex. Remove that vertex from the graph, excluding it from the maximal independent set, and recursively traverse the remaining graph to find the maximal independent set.
- Otherwise, consider the selected vertex in the maximal independent set and remove all its neighbors from it. Proceed to find the maximal independent set possible excluding its neighbors.
- Repeat this process for all vertices and print the maximal independent set obtained.
Below is the implementation of the above approach:
Python3
# Python Program to implement # the above approach # Recursive Function to find the # Maximal Independent Vertex Set def graphSets(graph): # Base Case - Given Graph # has no nodes if(len(graph) == 0): return [] # Base Case - Given Graph # has 1 node if(len(graph) == 1): return [list(graph.keys())[0]] # Select a vertex from the graph vCurrent = list(graph.keys())[0] # Case 1 - Proceed removing # the selected vertex # from the Maximal Set graph2 = dict(graph) # Delete current vertex # from the Graph del graph2[vCurrent] # Recursive call - Gets # Maximal Set, # assuming current Vertex # not selected res1 = graphSets(graph2) # Case 2 - Proceed considering # the selected vertex as part # of the Maximal Set # Loop through its neighbours for v in graph[vCurrent]: # Delete neighbor from # the current subgraph if(v in graph2): del graph2[v] # This result set contains VFirst, # and the result of recursive # call assuming neighbors of vFirst # are not selected res2 = [vCurrent] + graphSets(graph2) # Our final result is the one # which is bigger, return it if(len(res1) > len(res2)): return res1 return res2 # Driver Code V = 8 # Defines edges E = [ (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (5, 6), (6, 7), (4, 8)] graph = dict([]) # Constructs Graph as a dictionary # of the following format- # graph[VertexNumber V] # = list[Neighbors of Vertex V] for i in range(len(E)): v1, v2 = E[i] if(v1 not in graph): graph[v1] = [] if(v2 not in graph): graph[v2] = [] graph[v1].append(v2) graph[v2].append(v1) # Recursive call considering # all vertices in the maximum # independent set maximalIndependentSet = graphSets(graph) # Prints the Result for i in maximalIndependentSet: print(i, end =" ") |
2 3 8 5 7
Time Complexity: O(2N)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)
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