Disjoint Set Union on trees | Set 2

Difficulty Level : Hard
Last Updated : 10 Dec, 2020

Given a tree, and the cost of a subtree is defined as |S|*AND(S) where |S| is the size of the subtree and AND(S) is bitwise AND of all indices of nodes from the subtree, task is to find maximum cost of possible subtree.
Prerequisite : Disjoint Set Union
Examples:

Input : Number of nodes = 4
        Edges = (1, 2), (3, 4), (1, 3)
Output : Maximum cost = 4
Explanation : 
Subtree with singe node {4} gives the maximum cost.

Input : Number of nodes = 6
        Edges = (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (5, 6)
Output : Maximum cost = 8
Explanation : 
Subtree with nodes {5, 6} gives the maximum cost.

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Approach : The strategy is to fix the AND, and find the maximum size of a subtree such that AND of all indices equals to the given AND. Suppose we fix AND as ‘A’. In binary representation of A, if the ith bit is ‘1’, then all indices(nodes) of the required subtree should have ‘1’ in ith position in binary representation. If ith bit is ‘0’ then indices either have ‘0’ or ‘1’ in ith position. That means all elements of subtree are super masks of A. All super masks of A can be generated in O(2^k) time where ‘k’ is the number of bits which are ‘0’ in A.
Now, the maximum size of subtree with a given AND ‘A’ can be found using DSU on the tree. Let, ‘u’ be the super mask of A and ‘p[u]’ be the parent of u. If p[u] is also a super mask of A, then, we have to update the DSU by merging the components of u and p[u]. Simultaneously, we also have to keep track of the maximum size of subtree. DSU helps us to do it. It will be more clear if we look at following code.

CPP

// CPP code to find maximum possible cost
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
#define N 100010
 
// Edge structure
struct Edge {
    int u, v;
};
 
/* v : Adjacency list representation of Graph
    p : stores parents of nodes */
vector<int> v[N];
int p[N];
 
// Weighted union-find with path compression
struct wunionfind {
    int id[N], sz[N];
    void initial(int n)
    {
        for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
            id[i] = i, sz[i] = 1;
    }
 
    int Root(int idx)
    {
        int i = idx;
        while (i != id[i])
            id[i] = id[id[i]], i = id[i];
 
        return i;
    }
 
    void Union(int a, int b)
    {
        int i = Root(a), j = Root(b);
        if (i != j) {
            if (sz[i] >= sz[j]) {
                id[j] = i, sz[i] += sz[j];
                sz[j] = 0;
            }
            else {
                id[i] = j, sz[j] += sz[i];
                sz[i] = 0;
            }
        }
    }
};
 
wunionfind W;
 
// DFS is called to generate parent of
// a node from adjacency list representation
void dfs(int u, int parent)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < v[u].size(); i++) {
        int j = v[u][i];
        if (j != parent) {
            p[j] = u;
            dfs(j, u);
        }
    }
}
 
// Utility function for Union
int UnionUtil(int n)
{
    int ans = 0;
 
    // Fixed 'i' as AND
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        int maxi = 1;
 
        // Generating supermasks of 'i'
        for (int x = i; x <= n; x = (i | (x + 1))) {
            int y = p[x];
 
            // Checking whether p[x] is
            // also a supermask of i.
            if ((y & i) == i) {
                W.Union(x, y);
 
                // Keep track of maximum
                // size of subtree
                maxi = max(maxi, W.sz[W.Root(x)]);
            }
        }
         
        // Storing maximum cost of
        // subtree with a given AND
        ans = max(ans, maxi * i);
         
        // Separating components which are merged
        // during Union operation for next AND value.
        for (int x = i; x <= n; x = (i | (x + 1))) {
            W.sz[x] = 1;
            W.id[x] = x;
        }
    }
         
    return ans;
}
 
// Driver code
int main()
{
    int n, i;
 
    // Number of nodes
    n = 6;
 
    W.initial(n);
 
    Edge e[] = { { 1, 2 }, { 2, 3 }, { 3, 4 },
                 { 3, 5 }, { 5, 6 } };
 
    int q = sizeof(e) / sizeof(e[0]);
 
    // Taking edges as input and put
    // them in adjacency list representation
    for (i = 0; i < q; i++) {
        int x, y;
        x = e[i].u, y = e[i].v;
        v[x].push_back(y);
        v[y].push_back(x);
    }
 
    // Initializing parent vertex of '1' as '1'
    p[1] = 1;
 
    // Call DFS to generate 'p' array
    dfs(1, -1);
 
    int ans = UnionUtil(n);
         
        printf("Maximum Cost = %d\n", ans);
 
    return 0;
}

Python3

# Python3 code to find maximum possible cost
N = 100010
  
# Edge structure
class Edge:
     
    def __init__(self, u, v):
        self.u = u
        self.v = v
  
''' v : Adjacency list representation of Graph
    p : stores parents of nodes '''
 
v=[[] for i in range(N)];
p=[0 for i in range(N)];
  
# Weighted union-find with path compression
class wunionfind:
     
    def __init__(self):
         
        self.id = [0 for i in range(1, N + 1)]
        self.sz = [0 for i in range(1, N + 1)]
     
    def initial(self, n):
         
        for i in range(1, n + 1):
            self.id[i] = i
            self.sz[i] = 1
  
    def Root(self, idx):
     
        i = idx;
         
        while (i != self.id[i]):
            self.id[i] = self.id[self.id[i]]
            i = self.id[i];
  
        return i;
  
    def Union(self, a, b):
     
        i = self.Root(a)
        j = self.Root(b);
         
        if (i != j):
            if (self.sz[i] >= self.sz[j]):
                self.id[j] = i
                self.sz[i] += self.sz[j];
                self.sz[j] = 0;
            else:
                self.id[i] = j
                self.sz[j] += self.sz[i];
                self.sz[i] = 0
  
W = wunionfind()
  
# DFS is called to generate parent of
# a node from adjacency list representation
def dfs(u, parent):
 
    for i in range(0, len(v[u])):
     
        j = v[u][i];
         
        if(j != parent):
            p[j] = u;
            dfs(j, u);
             
# Utility function for Union
def UnionUtil(n):
 
    ans = 0;
  
    # Fixed 'i' as AND
    for i in range(1, n + 1):
     
        maxi = 1;
  
        # Generating supermasks of 'i'
        x = i
        while x<=n:
         
            y = p[x];
  
            # Checking whether p[x] is
            # also a supermask of i.
            if ((y & i) == i):
                W.Union(x, y);
  
                # Keep track of maximum
                # size of subtree
                maxi = max(maxi, W.sz[W.Root(x)]);
             
            x = (i | (x + 1))
            
        # Storing maximum cost of
        # subtree with a given AND
        ans = max(ans, maxi * i);
          
        # Separating components which are merged
        # during Union operation for next AND value.
        x = i
        while x <= n:
            W.sz[x] = 1;
            W.id[x] = x;
            x = (i | (x + 1))
               
    return ans;
  
# Driver code
if __name__=='__main__':
 
    # Number of nodes
    n = 6;
  
    W.initial(n);
  
    e = [ Edge( 1, 2 ), Edge( 2, 3 ), Edge( 3, 4 ),
                 Edge( 3, 5 ), Edge( 5, 6 ) ];
  
    q = len(e)
  
    # Taking edges as input and put
    # them in adjacency list representation
    for i in range(q):
     
        x = e[i].u
        y = e[i].v;
        v[x].append(y);
        v[y].append(x);
      
    # Initializing parent vertex of '1' as '1'
    p[1] = 1;
  
    # Call DFS to generate 'p' array
    dfs(1, -1);
  
    ans = UnionUtil(n);
          
    print("Maximum Cost =", ans)
  
# This code is contributed by rutvik_56   

Output:

Maximum Cost = 8

Time Complexity : Union in DSU takes O(1) time. Generating all supermasks takes O(3^k) time where k is the maximum number of bits which are ‘0’. DFS takes O(n). Overall time complexity is O(3^k+n).

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