Deterioration of Water Quality| Class 12 Geography Notes

Water pollution is a major concern in India, with various sources such as industrial effluents, domestic waste, and agricultural runoff contributing to the deterioration of water quality. Addressing this issue is crucial for ensuring the availability of clean water resources for various uses.

Deterioration of Water Quality

Water quality is defined by the absence of unwanted foreign substances such as micro-organisms, chemicals, and industrial waste, which render water unfit for human use. Pollution occurs when toxic substances enter water bodies like lakes, rivers, and oceans, either dissolved or suspended, deteriorating water quality and impacting aquatic ecosystems. The pollution also extends to groundwater, with the Ganga and Yamuna rivers being notably highly polluted in India.

Major Towns and Industries Along the Ganga

Several major towns and cities are situated along the banks of the Ganga and its tributaries. These include Kanpur and Varanasi, known for their textile and handicraft industries. Additionally, towns like Patna and Allahabad have significant agricultural and commercial activities, while Haridwar and Rishikesh are prominent pilgrimage sites.

Water Conservation and Management

With freshwater availability declining and demand increasing, effective water conservation measures are crucial for sustainable development. India must implement policies and laws to conserve water resources, including developing water-saving technologies and methods, promoting watershed development, and encouraging rainwater harvesting and recycling. Moreover, preventing pollution through public awareness and action is essential to maintain water quality.

Impacts of Intensive Irrigation

Intensive irrigation practices in states like Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh have led to increased salinity in soil and groundwater depletion. These impacts can adversely affect agriculture by reducing soil fertility and crop yields. Moreover, the overuse of groundwater resources has further compounded issues such as groundwater table decline, increased fluoride concentration, and arsenic contamination in certain regions like West Bengal and Bihar.

Prevention of Water Pollution

Water pollution poses a significant threat to available water resources, with industrial, agricultural, and domestic effluents being major contributors. Legislative measures like the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and the Environment Protection Act, 1986, aim to curb pollution. However, effective implementation and public awareness are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of water pollution on human health and the environment.

Recycle and Reuse of Water

Another strategy to enhance freshwater availability is through the recycling and reuse of water. Industries can utilize reclaimed wastewater for various purposes like cooling and firefighting, reducing their reliance on freshwater sources. Similarly, in urban areas, household wastewater can be repurposed for activities like gardening, thereby conserving better quality water for drinking purposes. Although currently practiced on a limited scale, there is significant potential for expanding water recycling efforts to replenish water resources sustainably.

Conclusion

Effective control of water pollution requires a multifaceted approach involving strict enforcement of regulations, infrastructure development, sustainable practices, and active community participation. The government plays a vital role in formulating policies, providing resources, and overseeing the implementation of water pollution control measures.

Deterioration of Water Quality- FAQs

What are the primary sources of water pollution in India, and how do they contribute to the deterioration of water quality?

The primary sources of water pollution in India are industrial effluents, domestic waste, and agricultural runoff. Industrial effluents containing heavy metals, organic compounds, and toxic substances degrade water quality. Domestic waste, including sewage and wastewater, introduces organic matter, nutrients, and microbial contaminants. Agricultural runoff with excessive fertilizers and pesticides also leads to water contamination.

What are the major impacts of water pollution on aquatic ecosystems and human health?

Water pollution can have severe impacts on aquatic ecosystems, leading to the degradation of water quality, harm to aquatic life, and loss of biodiversity. It can also pose significant risks to human health, causing waterborne diseases and long-term health issues such as cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems.

What are the key measures that can be taken to control water pollution, and what is the role of the government in this regard?

Key measures to control water pollution include strict enforcement of environmental regulations on industrial effluent discharge, improving wastewater treatment facilities, promoting proper disposal of domestic waste, and adopting sustainable agricultural practices. The government plays a crucial role in formulating policies, establishing regulatory frameworks, developing water infrastructure, and overseeing the implementation of pollution control measures.

What are the major challenges faced in effectively controlling water pollution in India, and how can they be addressed?

The major challenges include inadequate wastewater treatment capacity, lack of enforcement and monitoring, limited community participation, competing demands for water resources, and technological and financial constraints. These challenges can be addressed through increased investments in water infrastructure, strengthening institutional capacities, fostering public-private partnerships, and promoting community involvement in water conservation and pollution control efforts.

How can community participation and awareness-raising efforts contribute to the success of water pollution control initiatives?

Community participation and awareness-raising efforts can significantly contribute to the success of water pollution control initiatives. Engaging local communities in monitoring and reporting water quality issues, participating in cleanup activities, and adopting sustainable practices can enhance the effectiveness of pollution control measures. Raising public awareness about the importance of water conservation and the impacts of water pollution can also encourage collective action and support for government initiatives.